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Flooding Job's Garden
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Part of AS LONG AS THE RIVERS FLOW series
The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1975, hailed by governments as a model for future land claims and self-government settlements - is considered Canada's first "modern Treaty." 15 years later, Robert Bourassa's dream of northern hydro-electric power has become a nightmare for the James Bay Cree.
In FLOODING JOB'S GARDEN, Boyce Richardson revisits communities he first filmed in the 1970s, before Hydro Quebec began its work, documenting 20 years of massive change in Cree country. As Bourassa and Hydro Quebec prepare for Phase 2, the Crees are mounting an international campaign to protect the environment and ensure responsible development.
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Citation
Main credits
Richardson, Boyce (film director)
Richardson, Boyce (film producer)
Richardson, Boyce (narrator)
Other credits
Cinematographer, Martin Duckworth; editor, Hannele Halm.
Distributor subjects
Business; Canadian Studies; Ecology; Energy; Environment; Indigenous Peoples; Law; Native People; Natural & Manmade Materials; Nature; Sustainability; WaterKeywords
; "Flooding Job's Garden"; Icarus Films; HYRDO; Quebec; James; Bay; Cree; Northern; Quebec; Agreement; power; electricity; Boyce; Richardson; documentary; film; video;
WEBVTT
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[traditional music]
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I realized for the first time that it was gone,
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actually gone.
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I had known of the plans for development.
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You can\'t stop progress, I was told,
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but still, it was a shock.
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I remember the deep hurt and the feeling of homelessness.
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[speak a foreign language] I\'m Tu Cardinal.
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Welcome to As Long As the Rivers Flow,
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a documentary series about native self-government.
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Tonight, Flooding Jobs Garden directed by Boyce Richardson,
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the collapse dam behind me here on the Credit River
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outside Toronto once provided electric power.
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It meant progress for the local settlers.
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The huge hydro projects
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that have replaced tiny dams like this
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mean no such thing for native people.
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The James Bay Cree of Northern Quebec were promised
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they would benefit from hydro development,
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but southern energy demands have transformed their lands
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and their way of life.
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[water flowing]
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are facing a challenge,
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a proposal to dam and divert every major river
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in their hunting territory.
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but for the people that live there.
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And it\'s going to destroy our main economic base.
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We\'re still self-sufficient,
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and they destroy that main economic base that we have,
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which is hunting, fishing, and trapping.
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in regard to their rights for 15 years.
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And then to say, we\'re gonna take and destroy
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even more of your land, I think is almost a declaration
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of wars against the Crees.
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[people protesting]
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the Crees have taken to the streets of Canadian
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and American cities, waving placards and shouting angrily.
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[indistinct]
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Or at least as angrily as they can manage.
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[people protesting]
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The Crees are hunting people have lived for some 5,000 years
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in a magnificent wilderness, 600 kilometers
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north of Montreal in the land east of James Bay.
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It is a landscape of endless forests, myriad lakes,
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and wonderful surging rivers running down into James Bay.
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In the early 70s, 20,000 industrial workers
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invaded this Cree homeland
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and built one of the world\'s largest hydroelectric projects
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along the Lag Grande River.
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I first came here in 1969 as a journalist from Montreal
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when this was still a trackless wilderness.
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I\'ve returned after two decades
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to see how it\'s all worked out.
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For me, the story begins with Job Bearskin.
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Job Bearskin was a hunter
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who lived his whole life along the La Grande River.
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He took me up the river
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and introduced me to it as if to a friend.
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He loved the river and knew it intimately.
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He said the water had always tasted good,
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that was the first thing.
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The river had always been their highway,
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their route into the hunting territories.
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The land was like a garden, he said,
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where everything, animals, plants, and people
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grew and prospered every year.
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He said the river had always helped the Crees.
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That river is no more.
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if you see all those natural resources,
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I think this is a perfect example of the strength
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and the greatness of Quebec.
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And I was very happy to spend my birthday here
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with the workers and to see that great hope
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for the future of my province.
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by reading about it in a newspaper.
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Hurriedly, they began to organize.
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In 5,000 years, they\'d never had a meeting
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between their half dozen communities.
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The older people could hardly believe
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that anyone would take their land and flood it.
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and to tell us what you feel about your land.
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to stop the project.
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The government lawyers expected it to be over in a few days,
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but the hearing lasted for six months.
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Hunters like Job Bearskin had never been in a city
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or a courthouse before.
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I cannot undertake to tell the truth,
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the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
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I can only tell what I know.
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After deliberating for five months,
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Mr. Justice Albert Maloof ruled in favor of the Crees.
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His judgment was overturned aweek later
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in a perfunctory two day hearing
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of the Quebec Appeal Court.
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The Cree\'s lawyer, James O\'Reilly.
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but it was worse for the Crees
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and it said might makes right,
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that\'s what that judgment meant,
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and I\'ve seen a number of the judgments since
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and I think that that bottom line
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is still the situation.
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forced the Canadian and Quebec governments to negotiate.
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And in 1975, the James Bay
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and Northern Quebec agreement, a modern treaty was signed.
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that their land is not for sale.
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I believe that the Crees have not sold their land.
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I\'m positive that they can now hunt and fish
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and trap in all of the territory everywhere at all times
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without any disturbance from anyone.
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the Crees achieved local self-government
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and were paid $139 million in compensation for surrender
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of their rights in most of their land.
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The agreement was opposed by many other Indians in Canada.
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For the governments, it was a model.
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As part of the accord, the Crees agreed to the building
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of a huge network of reservoirs, power stations, dams,
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transmission lines, and roads across their territory.
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15 years later, I\'m able to drive 450 kilometers inland
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from the James Bay coast.
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There I find hunter William Ratt and his wife Sarah,
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living beside the road in the middle of a disused gravel pit
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created to build the project.
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William Ratt and his three brothers
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are still trying to trap as before.
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In 1973, I heard William Ratt testify in the court
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in Montreal, and I never forgot what he said.
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It is the white man who has the money, he said,
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and the Indian who has the land.
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The white man will always have the money
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and will always want the land.
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along the La Grande River 17 years after it started.
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The LG1 Power Station is being built across the river,
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37 kilometers upstream from the coast at the first rapids.
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A place that was always special
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for the Fort George people.
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Did we meet?
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You must feel sad about LG1 being there.
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that used to be our highway.
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It\'s just like here, you know.
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That\'s what I feel like when I go on this highway.
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Just like what I feel when I used to go down the river.
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the Crees of Fort George fished at the first rapids.
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The white fish that came in from the sea to spawn
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below the rapids provided a large
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part of their regular diet.
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They picnicked here, camped here, hunted here.
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No Fort George child could ever forget this place.
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In my travels around the world,
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I\'d seldom seen any place more beautiful than this.
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Larry House, 25 years of age, father of three,
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a child from the James Bay Project was launched,
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and now a leader of Chisasibi youth
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has agreed to show me around.
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Okay, what\'s this that\'s happening up here, Larry?
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alcohol into the community.
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feedback from the police that has been a decline
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in criminal activity and hospital incidents.
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has made liquor so easily available
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that the people of the new town of Chisasibi
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have decided to keep it out of town.
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[indistinct]
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that the James Bay project has brought enormous
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changes to Cree life.
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Many of them disruptive and damaging.
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On the coast, the old village of Fort George
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stood on an island in the mouth of the La Grande River.
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In the 1970s, it was a typical hunter\'s village
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full of the small cabins favored by people who lived
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much of their year in the bush.
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With more water coming down the La Grande,
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the hydro authorities could not guarantee the island
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wouldn\'t wash away.
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And in 1978, they offered $60 million
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to build a new village on the mainland.
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Today, Fort George is a ghost town.
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A few families stayed,
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but eventually most of the village was raised to the ground.
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sense of community spirit.
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The way they set up the new village tour is like they do
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down outside where they create bedrooms.
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Now they have everything centralized,
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and even though it\'s a small village,
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whereas here we had the Bay on one end of town,
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the co-op and the post office on the other end,
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the gas station here,
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everybody was walking all over the place, you know.
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Here when we were on the island,
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the old people used to gather down by the banks
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and a lot of the young kids then
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would go down and sit around, watch them tell stories
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or playing checkers and talking away.
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And whereas in the new village,
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they have this commercial center,
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the old men sit around there and play checkers.
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But now everybody\'s so busy doing everything else, so.
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became an instant package of social problems.
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Kids with nothing to do, unemployment, alienation,
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even teenage suicide, previously rare among the Crees.
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The people now have well-equipped, comfortable houses,
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along with them, they have high rents, mortgages,
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monthly bills.
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For the first time, an economy thoroughly
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in the grip of money.
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Sydney [indistinct] is one of the younger Crees
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taking over administration of the village.
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He once ran the radio station and a bakery business.
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So as the James Bay Project
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and the agreement, have they brought some kind of prosperity
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and stability to Chisasibi or not?
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I mean, you have to pick everything up and move.
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So that\'s not very stable.
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But in terms of material wealth, I suppose it has.
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But then that\'s what everybody likes to look at
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and say, you know, this is what we have
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in terms of dollars and cents.
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It\'s not exactly what you can say that what we used to have,
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which was based on traditional value.
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Altogether, they employ about 67.
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About 8%, which isn\'t too bad because the workforce here
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is comprised mainly of the big three,
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which is the school board, the health board, and the band.
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And they employ a vast majority of the people here.
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scenario where they didn\'t get their funding or anything,
264
00:18:44.460 --> 00:18:46.560
you would lose one third of the workforce.
265
00:18:48.480 --> 00:18:51.660
They\'ve got several potential new business ideas
266
00:18:51.660 --> 00:18:55.380
like the restaurant motel, an arcade, a pool, hall,
267
00:18:55.380 --> 00:18:58.680
and catering services, Larry\'s music store
268
00:18:58.680 --> 00:19:01.623
and video rentals, fast food outlet.
269
00:19:03.030 --> 00:19:05.850
270
00:19:05.850 --> 00:19:09.000
271
00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:12.420
Because right now, they have programs that are devised
272
00:19:12.420 --> 00:19:15.243
to be bandaids, you know.
273
00:19:15.243 --> 00:19:18.630
274
00:19:18.630 --> 00:19:21.780
to cover it up.
275
00:19:21.780 --> 00:19:24.080
276
00:19:25.020 --> 00:19:28.860
277
00:19:28.860 --> 00:19:30.990
278
00:19:30.990 --> 00:19:32.700
279
00:19:32.700 --> 00:19:35.880
and basically squeeze every bit of
280
00:19:35.880 --> 00:19:37.630
thing that you can get out of them.
281
00:19:48.180 --> 00:19:50.280
282
00:19:50.280 --> 00:19:53.280
on developing commercial uses for their superb bush skills
283
00:19:53.280 --> 00:19:54.530
as hunters and fishermen.
284
00:19:56.070 --> 00:19:59.160
When I first visited Mistissini in 1969,
285
00:19:59.160 --> 00:20:01.953
the hunting and fishing lodges were all run by whites.
286
00:20:02.850 --> 00:20:04.443
287
00:20:05.760 --> 00:20:07.380
288
00:20:07.380 --> 00:20:08.973
several fly in camps.
289
00:20:10.080 --> 00:20:12.150
290
00:20:12.150 --> 00:20:13.530
They\'re beautiful camps.
291
00:20:13.530 --> 00:20:16.560
They make people feel very comfortable, you know,
292
00:20:16.560 --> 00:20:18.483
it\'s really nice, they really.
293
00:20:19.590 --> 00:20:21.990
294
00:20:21.990 --> 00:20:24.990
295
00:20:24.990 --> 00:20:27.730
It\'s their country here, we\'re just visitors, really
296
00:20:29.883 --> 00:20:32.466
[upbeat music]
297
00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:42.840
298
00:20:42.840 --> 00:20:45.093
have been rebuilt since 1975.
299
00:20:46.728 --> 00:20:49.140
Mistissini, the main inland village,
300
00:20:49.140 --> 00:20:51.000
has almost doubled in size
301
00:20:51.000 --> 00:20:54.123
and has begun to resemble an ordinary Canadian small town.
302
00:20:59.820 --> 00:21:02.220
The work has been done by the Cree\'s own construction
303
00:21:02.220 --> 00:21:05.100
company, employing hunters and trappers
304
00:21:05.100 --> 00:21:07.530
who must often choose between staying in the village
305
00:21:07.530 --> 00:21:10.530
to make money and continuing their traditional life
306
00:21:10.530 --> 00:21:11.363
in the bush.
307
00:21:19.197 --> 00:21:22.650
In the 17 years since I first met Francois Mianskin,
308
00:21:22.650 --> 00:21:25.260
he has lived through many changes.
309
00:21:25.260 --> 00:21:27.480
He testified in court in 1973
310
00:21:27.480 --> 00:21:30.123
that the James Bay Project would disrupt his land.
311
00:21:30.990 --> 00:21:32.490
I asked him what has happened.
312
00:21:34.872 --> 00:21:38.705
313
00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:11.010
314
00:22:11.010 --> 00:22:12.480
provided to hunters and travelers
315
00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:13.980
under the James Bay agreement.
316
00:22:15.450 --> 00:22:16.980
This helps him to stay in the bush,
317
00:22:16.980 --> 00:22:19.953
although the program is hedged around with many conditions.
318
00:22:27.808 --> 00:22:31.475
[speaks a foreign language]
319
00:23:14.820 --> 00:23:16.950
320
00:23:16.950 --> 00:23:19.650
to be the greatest success of the James Bay Agreement.
321
00:23:20.550 --> 00:23:22.890
But many hunters I spoke to feel that somehow
322
00:23:22.890 --> 00:23:24.840
it doesn\'t quite fit their way of life.
323
00:23:26.856 --> 00:23:30.689
324
00:24:05.580 --> 00:24:07.170
325
00:24:07.170 --> 00:24:10.020
I came to know best during the early 70s
326
00:24:10.020 --> 00:24:12.993
when we built a film around a season in his hunting camp.
327
00:24:14.430 --> 00:24:17.730
He had remarkable talents, was extraordinarily competent
328
00:24:17.730 --> 00:24:20.357
and knowledgeable in the bush, and was always cheerful
329
00:24:20.357 --> 00:24:21.423
and friendly.
330
00:24:27.660 --> 00:24:28.920
Because of the film,
331
00:24:28.920 --> 00:24:31.230
Sam, with his hunter\'s wisdom has become familiar
332
00:24:31.230 --> 00:24:33.480
over the years to many students in Canadian
333
00:24:33.480 --> 00:24:35.193
and even foreign universities.
334
00:24:36.610 --> 00:24:40.443
335
00:25:17.010 --> 00:25:19.710
336
00:25:19.710 --> 00:25:22.173
now in their 70s, still in excellent health.
337
00:25:23.040 --> 00:25:26.100
I ask, do they think their way of life can survive?
338
00:25:26.100 --> 00:25:29.933
339
00:26:11.624 --> 00:26:15.457
340
00:27:18.170 --> 00:27:21.170
341
00:27:22.050 --> 00:27:23.670
It is not really prepared to deal
342
00:27:23.670 --> 00:27:25.920
with the many social problems of modern life.
343
00:27:29.880 --> 00:27:32.400
President of the Mistissini Native Women\'s Association
344
00:27:32.400 --> 00:27:34.140
is Dorothy Nichols.
345
00:27:34.140 --> 00:27:37.140
346
00:27:37.140 --> 00:27:40.530
Is this the first project of the Native Women\'s Association?
347
00:27:40.530 --> 00:27:41.520
348
00:27:41.520 --> 00:27:44.070
We were waiting for funding from the Quebec government,
349
00:27:44.070 --> 00:27:45.300
which we didn\'t receive,
350
00:27:45.300 --> 00:27:47.760
but we decided we\'d go ahead and open anyway.
351
00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:50.779
As you know, there\'s been a phenomenal change in our society
352
00:27:50.779 --> 00:27:52.320
and I think we are trying to meet it
353
00:27:52.320 --> 00:27:54.270
the best way that we can.
354
00:27:54.270 --> 00:27:57.900
The family violence and the child abuse is something
355
00:27:57.900 --> 00:28:00.960
we are very, very much aware of and very concerned.
356
00:28:00.960 --> 00:28:04.650
And the daycare, as you can see, you know, we could house up
357
00:28:04.650 --> 00:28:07.483
to 225 children now if we wanted to.
358
00:28:08.648 --> 00:28:11.880
We have a desperate need for daycare center now that
359
00:28:11.880 --> 00:28:15.960
there\'s so many new jobs created for women in the area.
360
00:28:15.960 --> 00:28:18.120
361
00:28:18.120 --> 00:28:20.850
to take care of problem children?
362
00:28:20.850 --> 00:28:23.220
363
00:28:23.220 --> 00:28:24.870
the more housing going up, no,
364
00:28:24.870 --> 00:28:26.893
it\'s not as strong as it used to be.
365
00:28:29.470 --> 00:28:31.530
366
00:28:31.530 --> 00:28:33.243
most often in the 1970s.
367
00:28:37.740 --> 00:28:40.540
When I first came here, it had a slightly temporary air.
368
00:28:42.060 --> 00:28:44.400
It was still a summer meeting place for hunters
369
00:28:44.400 --> 00:28:46.560
as it had been for generations,
370
00:28:46.560 --> 00:28:49.360
but was slowly being established as a permanent village.
371
00:28:52.230 --> 00:28:54.840
Here I met Philippa Washish, the first person from
372
00:28:54.840 --> 00:28:56.703
Mistissini to attend university,
373
00:28:57.720 --> 00:29:00.180
son of the remarkable hunter, Isaiah.
374
00:29:00.180 --> 00:29:02.460
Philip grew up when great changes were being forced
375
00:29:02.460 --> 00:29:06.312
on his people and he was deeply affected by them.
376
00:29:06.312 --> 00:29:10.145
377
00:29:32.604 --> 00:29:36.437
378
00:29:38.563 --> 00:29:40.440
379
00:29:40.440 --> 00:29:42.990
in their early 20s to mobilize their people
380
00:29:42.990 --> 00:29:45.140
to meet the challenge of the Hydro project.
381
00:29:46.336 --> 00:29:49.350
382
00:29:49.350 --> 00:29:50.950
383
00:29:51.810 --> 00:29:54.003
support for daycare services.
384
00:29:56.250 --> 00:29:57.750
385
00:29:57.750 --> 00:29:59.400
Phillip is still dealing with the fallout
386
00:29:59.400 --> 00:30:01.260
from the James Bay Agreement
387
00:30:01.260 --> 00:30:04.290
as a member of the Mistissini Band Council.
388
00:30:04.290 --> 00:30:09.270
389
00:30:09.270 --> 00:30:11.910
The council to Mistissini Band
390
00:30:11.910 --> 00:30:15.780
strongly objects to the lack of respect
391
00:30:15.780 --> 00:30:18.420
of the commitments of the government of Canada
392
00:30:18.420 --> 00:30:23.420
to fund the daycare project of the United Women Association.
393
00:30:25.230 --> 00:30:27.300
So government flow from our inherent right
394
00:30:27.300 --> 00:30:30.063
to self-determination, which is a basic human right,
395
00:30:31.830 --> 00:30:35.763
which other peoples in the world have.
396
00:30:37.890 --> 00:30:42.120
For us, the self-government is a process where
397
00:30:42.120 --> 00:30:47.120
we are in essence, masters within our own lands.
398
00:30:47.670 --> 00:30:49.560
Your kids, you have it under type--
399
00:30:49.560 --> 00:30:52.470
400
00:30:52.470 --> 00:30:54.180
She is now the community health worker
401
00:30:54.180 --> 00:30:55.773
and also a band counselor.
402
00:30:56.700 --> 00:30:58.530
403
00:30:58.530 --> 00:31:01.080
that whatever the government agrees to
404
00:31:01.080 --> 00:31:03.420
that it will be carried out.
405
00:31:03.420 --> 00:31:05.970
406
00:31:05.970 --> 00:31:09.960
407
00:31:09.960 --> 00:31:12.090
so much power and yet for yourself
408
00:31:12.090 --> 00:31:15.420
to feel like you don\'t really have much of a role in.
409
00:31:15.420 --> 00:31:18.600
410
00:31:18.600 --> 00:31:19.433
Carry.
411
00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:25.020
412
00:31:25.020 --> 00:31:27.420
both Bella and her husband come from Cree speaking
413
00:31:27.420 --> 00:31:30.270
hunting parents, and her mother-in-law,
414
00:31:30.270 --> 00:31:33.420
Mary Petowabeno still keeps her cooking teepee
415
00:31:33.420 --> 00:31:36.033
alongside her smart new bungalow in Mistissini.
416
00:31:37.476 --> 00:31:41.309
417
00:31:42.990 --> 00:31:46.153
418
00:31:46.153 --> 00:31:48.366
a strong cultural background.
419
00:31:48.366 --> 00:31:52.890
I think people are also realizing that they have to
420
00:31:52.890 --> 00:31:57.000
make more of an effort to maintain of what\'s left
421
00:31:57.000 --> 00:31:58.413
of our culture.
422
00:32:00.960 --> 00:32:04.530
Even though I don\'t practice traditional activities
423
00:32:04.530 --> 00:32:05.610
throughout the year,
424
00:32:05.610 --> 00:32:07.410
I think just knowing that it\'s there
425
00:32:07.410 --> 00:32:11.190
and that\'s the place that I can go to when I need to,
426
00:32:11.190 --> 00:32:14.283
that\'s, you know, in a sense it\'s reassuring.
427
00:32:17.700 --> 00:32:21.137
When you\'re either physically or emotionally drained
428
00:32:21.137 --> 00:32:25.380
from having to cope what\'s happening in the community,
429
00:32:25.380 --> 00:32:27.723
it can head out to the bush.
430
00:32:29.092 --> 00:32:32.942
But we spend at least a whole month each spring
431
00:32:32.942 --> 00:32:35.640
with family members in the Goose Camp
432
00:32:35.640 --> 00:32:37.340
and we bring our children with us.
433
00:32:43.560 --> 00:32:46.443
434
00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:51.240
We are a people with the special relationship with the land.
435
00:32:51.240 --> 00:32:52.620
We still have that relationship,
436
00:32:52.620 --> 00:32:54.723
it is, ensures our survival.
437
00:32:55.770 --> 00:32:58.533
In that sense, we know our place in nature.
438
00:33:00.180 --> 00:33:03.642
We are so basically people who hunt and fish and trap
439
00:33:03.642 --> 00:33:05.559
and depend on the land.
440
00:33:12.298 --> 00:33:15.048
[birds chirping]
441
00:33:22.590 --> 00:33:25.980
The governments do not recognize the jurisdiction
442
00:33:25.980 --> 00:33:29.163
and authority of the traditional laws of the Cree nation.
443
00:33:34.080 --> 00:33:36.930
We have to a lot of time and energy
444
00:33:36.930 --> 00:33:39.383
arguing with the governments over the past years
445
00:33:39.383 --> 00:33:41.280
and interpreting the provisions
446
00:33:41.280 --> 00:33:42.993
of the James Bay Quebec agreement.
447
00:33:46.260 --> 00:33:48.060
The governments have so far refused
448
00:33:48.060 --> 00:33:50.400
to put forestry operations
449
00:33:50.400 --> 00:33:54.750
and hydroelectric projects under the regimes respecting
450
00:33:54.750 --> 00:33:56.673
environmental and social protection.
451
00:34:06.120 --> 00:34:09.060
It does make a mock of the regime and of the agreement,
452
00:34:09.060 --> 00:34:11.343
and they make themselves dishonorable.
453
00:34:21.540 --> 00:34:23.253
454
00:34:27.240 --> 00:34:29.850
To begin the lines club meeting of a swampy,
455
00:34:29.850 --> 00:34:32.100
we could start with the roll call.
456
00:34:32.100 --> 00:34:33.480
457
00:34:33.480 --> 00:34:36.150
the Crees of Waswanipi have probably the only native
458
00:34:36.150 --> 00:34:40.170
lions club in Canada.
459
00:34:40.170 --> 00:34:41.790
460
00:34:41.790 --> 00:34:43.590
they put their own distinctive mark
461
00:34:43.590 --> 00:34:45.900
on an imported institution.
462
00:34:45.900 --> 00:34:50.127
463
00:34:51.738 --> 00:34:53.905
[laughs]
464
00:34:57.011 --> 00:34:59.159
465
00:34:59.159 --> 00:35:01.242
[laughs]
466
00:35:03.750 --> 00:35:06.060
467
00:35:06.060 --> 00:35:08.643
We could open the tail twister, physician.
468
00:35:09.660 --> 00:35:13.658
Tail twister, as a tail twister.
469
00:35:13.658 --> 00:35:15.741
[laughs]
470
00:35:16.679 --> 00:35:18.179
471
00:35:19.197 --> 00:35:21.150
472
00:35:21.150 --> 00:35:23.400
harmony and good fellowship life
473
00:35:23.400 --> 00:35:24.930
and enthusiasm in the meetings
474
00:35:24.930 --> 00:35:27.240
through appropriate stunts and games.
475
00:35:27.240 --> 00:35:29.460
And then [laughs]
476
00:35:29.460 --> 00:35:31.953
in other words, you could say, he\'s a joker, yes.
477
00:35:39.570 --> 00:35:40.890
478
00:35:40.890 --> 00:35:42.960
the Crees have taken authority over health,
479
00:35:42.960 --> 00:35:44.763
education, and local government.
480
00:35:46.140 --> 00:35:48.510
In all of these areas, they\'re being strongly pulled
481
00:35:48.510 --> 00:35:50.583
between modern and traditional values.
482
00:35:52.080 --> 00:35:53.973
This is best seen in the schools.
483
00:35:55.590 --> 00:35:58.170
The Crees who run the school board feel they must prepare
484
00:35:58.170 --> 00:36:01.143
these children to take a full place in Canadian society.
485
00:36:02.130 --> 00:36:03.780
This conflicts with the wish of parents
486
00:36:03.780 --> 00:36:06.330
that their children retain their Cree language,
487
00:36:06.330 --> 00:36:08.730
and the values arising from the hunting culture.
488
00:36:11.040 --> 00:36:13.350
Paul Gull has been school commissioner in Waswanipi
489
00:36:13.350 --> 00:36:14.283
for six years.
490
00:36:15.780 --> 00:36:17.070
491
00:36:17.070 --> 00:36:19.230
in the Indian affairs system, I would say.
492
00:36:19.230 --> 00:36:21.290
He always mentioned that he didn\'t,
493
00:36:21.290 --> 00:36:22.770
he didn\'t believe that Indian affairs
494
00:36:22.770 --> 00:36:24.123
can take care of his kids.
495
00:36:28.290 --> 00:36:32.130
I saw what happened, the changes right in the community.
496
00:36:32.130 --> 00:36:34.683
We saw everything from the booze that came through.
497
00:36:36.600 --> 00:36:39.750
The last time I saw the dog team, I must have been, what,
498
00:36:39.750 --> 00:36:40.953
five, six years old.
499
00:36:42.870 --> 00:36:45.690
How many civilizations do you know
500
00:36:45.690 --> 00:36:49.200
that go into a system like this in 15 years,
501
00:36:49.200 --> 00:36:53.673
or have all these things come into them at one time?
502
00:36:54.582 --> 00:36:58.415
503
00:37:03.960 --> 00:37:05.820
504
00:37:05.820 --> 00:37:08.913
is our Cree language is not recognized.
505
00:37:10.950 --> 00:37:14.730
We try to bring back the Cree language cultural aspects
506
00:37:14.730 --> 00:37:16.893
of wilderness survival school programs,
507
00:37:17.940 --> 00:37:21.900
and I\'d like to see more of the elders teaching
508
00:37:21.900 --> 00:37:23.883
what they know or what they experience.
509
00:37:26.610 --> 00:37:28.650
It\'s taking time to develop the curriculum
510
00:37:28.650 --> 00:37:31.953
and to adapt the curriculum in order to meet that objective.
511
00:37:35.998 --> 00:37:38.220
512
00:37:38.220 --> 00:37:40.863
is in French, a choice made by the parents.
513
00:37:44.250 --> 00:37:46.650
The James Bay agreement has apparently given the Crees
514
00:37:46.650 --> 00:37:49.110
considerable powers of self-government,
515
00:37:49.110 --> 00:37:50.820
but there is still much confusion about
516
00:37:50.820 --> 00:37:52.120
how it is all working out.
517
00:37:55.167 --> 00:37:57.810
518
00:37:57.810 --> 00:37:59.433
that they don\'t like.
519
00:38:00.480 --> 00:38:03.210
520
00:38:03.210 --> 00:38:04.860
the government\'s not living up to
521
00:38:07.508 --> 00:38:12.180
the fact that 15 years later, it\'s still not fully
522
00:38:12.180 --> 00:38:15.633
implemented, it\'s another thing that bothers them.
523
00:38:19.230 --> 00:38:21.510
524
00:38:21.510 --> 00:38:25.143
village and the one most vulnerable to outside influences,
525
00:38:26.460 --> 00:38:27.750
no group has worked harder
526
00:38:27.750 --> 00:38:29.750
to use the agreement to their advantage.
527
00:38:31.230 --> 00:38:33.693
Director of operations is Jack Blacksmith.
528
00:38:34.620 --> 00:38:35.730
529
00:38:35.730 --> 00:38:38.070
that\'s happened over the years here in Waswanipi,
530
00:38:38.070 --> 00:38:39.360
we have been very fortunate
531
00:38:39.360 --> 00:38:42.300
to get some money from the federal government
532
00:38:42.300 --> 00:38:44.850
in order to put up these communities.
533
00:38:44.850 --> 00:38:47.670
But one of the things I look at the economic development
534
00:38:47.670 --> 00:38:51.210
is the actual creation or permanent jobs for our members.
535
00:38:51.210 --> 00:38:53.460
And that\'s not materialized.
536
00:38:53.460 --> 00:38:56.640
In all, I guess about 47% of the total population,
537
00:38:56.640 --> 00:39:00.420
the resident population, represents people from the ages
538
00:39:00.420 --> 00:39:02.670
of up to the age of 19.
539
00:39:02.670 --> 00:39:07.110
And you can imagine how many people will be looking for,
540
00:39:07.110 --> 00:39:09.360
for employment come five years down the road.
541
00:39:10.380 --> 00:39:13.230
At the moment, we don\'t have any real concrete basis
542
00:39:13.230 --> 00:39:15.183
in regards to engaging these people.
543
00:39:16.170 --> 00:39:17.670
It\'s a proven fact that the governments,
544
00:39:17.670 --> 00:39:19.385
whenever we try to talk to them,
545
00:39:19.385 --> 00:39:22.260
they talk, but not seriously.
546
00:39:22.260 --> 00:39:25.054
Whenever the time comes to try to negotiate with us,
547
00:39:25.054 --> 00:39:28.050
they send their guys that are way down the lower ropes
548
00:39:28.050 --> 00:39:29.610
and they don\'t give \'em too much of a mandate.
549
00:39:29.610 --> 00:39:32.130
They don\'t clearly describe exactly what needs to be done
550
00:39:32.130 --> 00:39:34.893
and it just doesn\'t work what\'s happening right now.
551
00:39:37.380 --> 00:39:40.440
552
00:39:40.440 --> 00:39:42.723
was led by former Chief Abel Kitchen.
553
00:39:43.710 --> 00:39:45.780
554
00:39:45.780 --> 00:39:48.240
to a great deal, but maybe not those sections
555
00:39:48.240 --> 00:39:49.980
where\'s a little ambiguous or is,
556
00:39:49.980 --> 00:39:52.710
or it\'s a little hard to implement
557
00:39:52.710 --> 00:39:55.320
such as the economic development section.
558
00:39:55.320 --> 00:39:56.730
That section,
559
00:39:56.730 --> 00:39:58.740
which we feel is the most important section
560
00:39:58.740 --> 00:40:00.420
in the agreement, really has,
561
00:40:00.420 --> 00:40:02.963
there hasn\'t been much work done on it.
562
00:40:02.963 --> 00:40:05.553
It\'s just nothing at all, actually.
563
00:40:18.374 --> 00:40:20.460
564
00:40:20.460 --> 00:40:23.313
Waswanipi has formed its own cooperative logging company.
565
00:40:25.650 --> 00:40:27.660
Working in their own Cree lands,
566
00:40:27.660 --> 00:40:29.250
they try to protect areas essential
567
00:40:29.250 --> 00:40:31.293
to wildlife through selective cutting.
568
00:40:34.835 --> 00:40:36.780
569
00:40:36.780 --> 00:40:39.570
but the big problem we have is the
570
00:40:39.570 --> 00:40:42.360
large clear cutting that\'s taking place.
571
00:40:42.360 --> 00:40:43.920
The many companies that are involved
572
00:40:43.920 --> 00:40:45.722
and are cutting at the same time, it\'s the speed
573
00:40:45.722 --> 00:40:47.700
that is a problem.
574
00:40:47.700 --> 00:40:50.610
It has a tremendous impact on our traditional way of life.
575
00:40:50.610 --> 00:40:52.260
And the animals that we live off.
576
00:40:55.290 --> 00:40:56.550
577
00:40:56.550 --> 00:40:59.040
are clear cutting about 700 square kilometers
578
00:40:59.040 --> 00:41:02.673
of forest a year, equivalent to one Waswanipi trap line.
579
00:41:04.080 --> 00:41:06.450
40% of all the trap lines have been subject
580
00:41:06.450 --> 00:41:07.443
to machine logging,
581
00:41:09.060 --> 00:41:10.737
and most of their hunting territory,
582
00:41:10.737 --> 00:41:12.360
the Waswanipi people are powerless
583
00:41:12.360 --> 00:41:14.433
to control this attack on the forest.
584
00:41:17.190 --> 00:41:19.260
585
00:41:19.260 --> 00:41:21.570
the industry are all gonna have to sit down and try
586
00:41:21.570 --> 00:41:23.310
and find solutions to this thing.
587
00:41:23.310 --> 00:41:25.770
Or there\'s gonna be tremendous problems up north
588
00:41:25.770 --> 00:41:27.273
here with native people.
589
00:41:28.980 --> 00:41:32.010
I think there, people are ready to talk about roadblocks
590
00:41:32.010 --> 00:41:34.530
and, you know, trying to change the system.
591
00:41:34.530 --> 00:41:36.600
It\'s gotta change fairly quickly
592
00:41:36.600 --> 00:41:40.140
because the impact on, especially on the traditional people
593
00:41:40.140 --> 00:41:41.463
is very, very great.
594
00:41:51.120 --> 00:41:52.890
595
00:41:52.890 --> 00:41:56.580
all areas of the forest essential to their way of life.
596
00:41:56.580 --> 00:42:00.183
Moose yards, beaver lodges, fish spawning beds, campsites.
597
00:42:01.350 --> 00:42:04.380
They have taken this information to the Quebec government,
598
00:42:04.380 --> 00:42:06.510
but have found that governments will not accept the Cree
599
00:42:06.510 --> 00:42:08.943
knowledge of land and animals as scientific.
600
00:42:11.490 --> 00:42:13.110
Yet when you walk through the forest
601
00:42:13.110 --> 00:42:14.640
with a hunter like William Ratt,
602
00:42:14.640 --> 00:42:17.430
you very quickly appreciate his profound knowledge
603
00:42:17.430 --> 00:42:18.873
of the land and animals.
604
00:42:21.880 --> 00:42:25.547
[speaks a foreign language]
605
00:43:10.830 --> 00:43:13.200
Of prime importance to hunters is the tradition
606
00:43:13.200 --> 00:43:15.600
of handing on their land to the next generation.
607
00:43:16.560 --> 00:43:18.330
But William Ratt has begun to wonder
608
00:43:18.330 --> 00:43:20.430
if there will be anything left to hand on.
609
00:43:34.710 --> 00:43:36.627
Paul Dixon of Waswanipi.
610
00:43:44.100 --> 00:43:46.530
You\'re just getting ready to go back in the bush?
611
00:43:46.530 --> 00:43:48.270
612
00:43:48.270 --> 00:43:50.430
Take a, well this my first trip.
613
00:43:50.430 --> 00:43:53.100
I guess, I\'ll be making a couple of trips there,
614
00:43:53.100 --> 00:43:55.170
plus my canoeing site.
615
00:43:55.170 --> 00:43:56.340
of your year in the bush, do you?
616
00:43:56.340 --> 00:44:00.450
617
00:44:00.450 --> 00:44:02.670
and three months here in the summer only.
618
00:44:02.670 --> 00:44:04.920
619
00:44:04.920 --> 00:44:06.780
that we meet.
620
00:44:06.780 --> 00:44:11.550
How come you\'re in this life so enthusiastically?
621
00:44:11.550 --> 00:44:12.383
622
00:44:13.830 --> 00:44:17.220
I guess for, well, I wanted the first time when I quit
623
00:44:17.220 --> 00:44:20.250
school there, when I wanted to go in the bush just for
624
00:44:20.250 --> 00:44:22.650
a while and see, find out, you know, about the tradition,
625
00:44:22.650 --> 00:44:26.313
our culture, and I got to love it.
626
00:44:27.360 --> 00:44:28.863
I went in the bush and I got,
627
00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:33.103
I got married too, and I took my wife in the bush.
628
00:44:33.103 --> 00:44:34.743
I have three kids and that.
629
00:44:36.150 --> 00:44:37.650
630
00:44:37.650 --> 00:44:39.780
631
00:44:39.780 --> 00:44:42.753
And what condition is your trap line in?
632
00:44:43.928 --> 00:44:48.340
633
00:44:50.670 --> 00:44:53.520
634
00:44:53.520 --> 00:44:55.860
I mean, what am I gonna say to my son
635
00:44:55.860 --> 00:44:59.400
who\'s about six and who wants to say nah,
636
00:44:59.400 --> 00:45:00.870
if he wants to trap,
637
00:45:00.870 --> 00:45:02.620
what am I gonna say about the land?
638
00:45:05.040 --> 00:45:06.960
639
00:45:06.960 --> 00:45:08.610
about the Cree future.
640
00:45:08.610 --> 00:45:11.280
But it was not until I arrived at East Main on the James Bay
641
00:45:11.280 --> 00:45:14.313
Coast that I met someone who was really angry.
642
00:45:15.960 --> 00:45:19.530
Abraham [indistinct] went to Quebec City in 1975
643
00:45:19.530 --> 00:45:22.143
to sign the James Bay and Northern Quebec agreement.
644
00:45:23.520 --> 00:45:25.637
Now he believes he shouldn\'t have signed.
645
00:45:27.383 --> 00:45:31.216
646
00:46:33.720 --> 00:46:34.830
647
00:46:34.830 --> 00:46:37.290
the first rapids on the East Main River
648
00:46:37.290 --> 00:46:41.550
before 90% of the water was diverted 200 kilometers north
649
00:46:41.550 --> 00:46:43.233
into the LG2 reservoir.
650
00:46:44.790 --> 00:46:47.160
For these men, the idea of damning a river
651
00:46:47.160 --> 00:46:50.103
and diverting water is an offense against nature.
652
00:46:51.690 --> 00:46:53.580
But our industrial culture regards it
653
00:46:53.580 --> 00:46:55.143
as a technological marvel.
654
00:46:57.600 --> 00:47:00.933
Already 10,000 tourists visit the project every year.
655
00:47:02.790 --> 00:47:05.640
Hydro Quebec guide, Leon Marie Ashe,
656
00:47:05.640 --> 00:47:06.993
loves to tell the story.
657
00:47:08.100 --> 00:47:10.920
658
00:47:10.920 --> 00:47:14.790
that was needed to build LG2
659
00:47:14.790 --> 00:47:18.690
and LG2-A, we come to the figure of
660
00:47:18.690 --> 00:47:23.370
4 million cubic meters of rock.
661
00:47:23.370 --> 00:47:25.710
If we would take all this material
662
00:47:25.710 --> 00:47:29.250
and spread it over the four lines of Highway 20
663
00:47:29.250 --> 00:47:32.760
between Quebec City and Montreal,
664
00:47:32.760 --> 00:47:35.700
we would be able to raise the highway
665
00:47:35.700 --> 00:47:38.583
of seven meters, nearly 25 feet.
666
00:47:40.650 --> 00:47:45.540
We calculated that in the reservoir there are 60 billion
667
00:47:45.540 --> 00:47:49.713
cubic meters of clear drinkable water.
668
00:47:50.580 --> 00:47:54.750
And if we would and bottle all this water
669
00:47:54.750 --> 00:47:57.390
into bottles of one liter,
670
00:47:57.390 --> 00:48:01.653
each inhabitant of the planet would receive 12,000 bottles.
671
00:48:05.310 --> 00:48:06.930
672
00:48:06.930 --> 00:48:09.390
is no longer of much use to the Crees
673
00:48:09.390 --> 00:48:11.940
who now have to be careful about eating the fish
674
00:48:11.940 --> 00:48:14.640
because of the high mercury content in the reservoirs.
675
00:48:16.080 --> 00:48:17.460
In East Maine, the people have begun
676
00:48:17.460 --> 00:48:20.497
to import spring water at $18 a bottle.
677
00:48:22.002 --> 00:48:25.835
678
00:48:57.867 --> 00:49:01.700
679
00:49:25.387 --> 00:49:26.520
680
00:49:26.520 --> 00:49:28.950
haven\'t enough to cope with already,
681
00:49:28.950 --> 00:49:30.870
they\'ve now been confronted by an even more
682
00:49:30.870 --> 00:49:33.963
grandiose version of Premier Robert Barasa\'s dream.
683
00:49:35.850 --> 00:49:39.120
684
00:49:39.120 --> 00:49:44.120
saying that I was so stupid fighting to export electricity,
685
00:49:45.120 --> 00:49:47.460
that the folly of the sensory
686
00:49:47.460 --> 00:49:50.850
and now they are facing them, the same person,
687
00:49:50.850 --> 00:49:53.793
and the house as Premier saying, we will do it.
688
00:50:01.110 --> 00:50:02.550
689
00:50:02.550 --> 00:50:03.933
is not yet half done.
690
00:50:06.600 --> 00:50:08.970
In the 1990s, the Quebec government intends
691
00:50:08.970 --> 00:50:10.560
to finish the job
692
00:50:10.560 --> 00:50:13.080
so that eventually, they will have damned every major river
693
00:50:13.080 --> 00:50:16.890
in the territory, created 21 immense reservoirs,
694
00:50:16.890 --> 00:50:19.023
24 huge power stations.
695
00:50:21.450 --> 00:50:23.733
The total cost will be more than $60 billion.
696
00:50:28.260 --> 00:50:31.050
To do all this, engineers and construction workers
697
00:50:31.050 --> 00:50:32.580
will invade every corner
698
00:50:32.580 --> 00:50:34.623
of the Cree\'s traditional hunting lands.
699
00:50:35.621 --> 00:50:38.621
[people protesting]
700
00:50:45.009 --> 00:50:47.010
701
00:50:47.010 --> 00:50:48.610
something they never had before,
702
00:50:49.620 --> 00:50:51.963
a group of sophisticated political leaders.
703
00:50:53.550 --> 00:50:56.350
All of them were born of Cree speaking, hunting parents.
704
00:50:57.540 --> 00:50:59.700
When representing their people, they never forget
705
00:50:59.700 --> 00:51:02.500
that the hunting culture lies at the heart of Cree life.
706
00:51:04.200 --> 00:51:05.970
Grand chief of all the Quebec Crees
707
00:51:05.970 --> 00:51:08.561
is Matthew [indistinct] of Mistissini.
708
00:51:08.561 --> 00:51:12.420
709
00:51:12.420 --> 00:51:15.720
It\'s destroyed our spawning grounds.
710
00:51:15.720 --> 00:51:18.060
It\'s destroyed the nesting grounds,
711
00:51:18.060 --> 00:51:21.390
it\'s displaced and relocated our people,
712
00:51:21.390 --> 00:51:25.050
and broke the social fabric of our communities.
713
00:51:25.050 --> 00:51:28.980
And we\'re saying that that enough is enough.
714
00:51:28.980 --> 00:51:31.570
We want this, that we want irresponsible
715
00:51:35.100 --> 00:51:37.410
projects be stopped.
716
00:51:37.410 --> 00:51:41.160
When a trapper and this land is underwater.
717
00:51:41.160 --> 00:51:43.947
When you cannot pass that inheritance to his young people.
718
00:51:43.947 --> 00:51:47.190
When you feel that you\'ve got that right
719
00:51:47.190 --> 00:51:50.490
to continue to hunt, fish, and trap in the first agreement,
720
00:51:50.490 --> 00:51:52.590
then that\'s literally taken away from you.
721
00:51:52.590 --> 00:51:53.797
Yes, we are mad.
722
00:51:54.989 --> 00:51:58.822
723
00:52:23.472 --> 00:52:27.305
724
00:52:43.779 --> 00:52:47.612
725
00:52:55.804 --> 00:52:59.637
726
00:53:25.620 --> 00:53:27.570
727
00:53:27.570 --> 00:53:30.150
an intense need to connect with the elders,
728
00:53:30.150 --> 00:53:32.450
the guardians of their culture and traditions.
729
00:53:33.990 --> 00:53:37.710
The Cree identification with the land is intensely personal.
730
00:53:37.710 --> 00:53:39.660
A story written not only in the pleasures
731
00:53:39.660 --> 00:53:41.310
and triumphs of the hunt,
732
00:53:41.310 --> 00:53:43.383
but in years of suffering and survival.
733
00:53:47.610 --> 00:53:51.690
In 1972, Job Bearskin showed us the graves of people,
734
00:53:51.690 --> 00:53:53.970
including one of his own sons,
735
00:53:53.970 --> 00:53:56.370
who had been buried on land that is now flooded.
736
00:53:59.370 --> 00:54:01.300
All Crees feel deeply about this
737
00:54:02.400 --> 00:54:04.500
because to them, people who die
738
00:54:04.500 --> 00:54:06.849
remain part of the natural world.
739
00:54:06.849 --> 00:54:09.016
[singing]
740
00:54:29.193 --> 00:54:31.057
741
00:54:31.057 --> 00:54:34.470
of the Chisasibi Band wish to express our concerns
742
00:54:34.470 --> 00:54:37.890
regarding the continuous disrespect of our traditional laws
743
00:54:37.890 --> 00:54:39.660
and aboriginal rights by the governments
744
00:54:39.660 --> 00:54:40.863
of Canada and Quebec.
745
00:54:41.974 --> 00:54:44.141
[singing]
746
00:54:45.090 --> 00:54:47.040
We have seen the deterioration of our culture
747
00:54:47.040 --> 00:54:49.110
and our traditional lifestyle.
748
00:54:49.110 --> 00:54:50.130
We have experienced
749
00:54:50.130 --> 00:54:52.410
and witnessed the destruction of our homeland
750
00:54:52.410 --> 00:54:54.270
and animals we survive on
751
00:54:54.270 --> 00:54:56.253
in our most productive game habitat.
752
00:54:57.660 --> 00:54:58.920
We have seen the land flooded,
753
00:54:58.920 --> 00:55:01.383
trees destroyed, the rivers and lakes polluted.
754
00:55:03.360 --> 00:55:05.703
We cannot stand by and let this happen again.
755
00:55:06.810 --> 00:55:09.780
We wish to take action and protest this intrusion
756
00:55:09.780 --> 00:55:11.130
on our ancestral lands
757
00:55:11.130 --> 00:55:13.413
where we have lived since time immemorial.
758
00:55:17.340 --> 00:55:18.630
759
00:55:18.630 --> 00:55:20.610
the people are very determined up there
760
00:55:20.610 --> 00:55:22.140
to stop those projects.
761
00:55:22.140 --> 00:55:25.630
And you haven\'t seen yet what form
762
00:55:27.870 --> 00:55:29.283
self-help we\'ll take.
763
00:55:30.900 --> 00:55:33.120
They do not intend to simply sit back
764
00:55:33.120 --> 00:55:36.990
and watch Hydro Quebec and Quebec roll over them
765
00:55:36.990 --> 00:55:38.793
in their traditional territory.
766
00:55:41.250 --> 00:55:44.790
They will oppose this very, very strongly.
767
00:55:44.790 --> 00:55:49.790
So I think we\'re in for an even stronger conflict
768
00:55:50.130 --> 00:55:51.543
than in the early 70s.
769
00:55:53.400 --> 00:55:56.913
770
00:55:56.913 --> 00:55:57.963
from the government,
771
00:55:58.800 --> 00:56:00.330
772
00:56:00.330 --> 00:56:02.781
adjusting to the James Bay Project,
773
00:56:02.781 --> 00:56:06.663
the Crees in 1991 find themselves back where they started,
774
00:56:08.460 --> 00:56:10.593
gearing up for another prolonged struggle.
775
00:56:12.210 --> 00:56:13.920
This time, they\'re not alone,
776
00:56:13.920 --> 00:56:15.840
but have the support of a powerful coalition
777
00:56:15.840 --> 00:56:18.090
of interests throughout the Eastern United States
778
00:56:18.090 --> 00:56:18.923
and Canada.
779
00:56:21.090 --> 00:56:22.560
Public demonstrations have been held
780
00:56:22.560 --> 00:56:24.925
as far south as New York City.
781
00:56:24.925 --> 00:56:27.925
[people protesting]
782
00:56:30.090 --> 00:56:31.350
I talked to many Crees
783
00:56:31.350 --> 00:56:34.620
who wished the James Bay agreement had never been signed,
784
00:56:34.620 --> 00:56:37.320
in spite of the material benefits it has brought them.
785
00:56:38.880 --> 00:56:42.060
They said that if they had known then what they know now
786
00:56:42.060 --> 00:56:44.580
about the behavior of governments,
787
00:56:44.580 --> 00:56:46.330
they would never have agreed to it.
788
00:56:47.173 --> 00:56:50.173
[people protesting]
789
00:56:54.510 --> 00:56:56.520
For almost everyone I spoke to,
790
00:56:56.520 --> 00:56:59.430
time has proven the wisdom of Job Bearskin,
791
00:56:59.430 --> 00:57:01.473
who told the court in 1973,
792
00:57:02.392 --> 00:57:07.056
when I think about the land, I think about the children.
793
00:57:07.056 --> 00:57:10.973
What will they have when the land is destroyed?
794
00:57:17.240 --> 00:57:19.038
[indistinct]
795
00:57:19.038 --> 00:57:22.038
[people protesting]
796
00:57:29.262 --> 00:57:31.680
[people cheering]
797
00:57:31.680 --> 00:57:34.430
[birds chirping]
798
00:58:00.303 --> 00:58:02.470
[singing]
799
00:58:12.222 --> 00:58:14.972
[birds chirping]
800
00:58:27.321 --> 00:58:29.488
[singing]
