WEBVTT

01:00:10.280 --> 01:00:13.200
(plane engine roar overhead)

01:00:21.999 --> 01:00:25.975 line:20%
(newsman)
Danica May Camacho, born two
minutes before midnight

01:00:25.999 --> 01:00:27.656 line:20%
in the Philippine
capital of Manila.

01:00:27.680 --> 01:00:31.136
She\'s a global symbol for
the world\'s population growth.

01:00:31.160 --> 01:00:33.776
Danica and several other babies
have the honor

01:00:33.800 --> 01:00:38.896
of bringing the world\'s
population to seven billion.

01:00:38.920 --> 01:00:40.975
♪♪

01:00:40.999 --> 01:00:43.200
(child speaking)

01:00:44.999 --> 01:00:47.856
(woman)
The greatest challenge is that
we\'re living in a world

01:00:47.880 --> 01:00:50.280
that is growing
too fast on us.

01:00:51.960 --> 01:00:56.576
(woman)
The issue is not population
numbers per se.

01:00:56.600 --> 01:00:58.496
It\'s the population combined

01:00:58.520 --> 01:01:03.720
with the consumer-oriented
nature of our world.

01:01:05.720 --> 01:01:08.800
- We\'re over-consuming
the planet\'s resources.

01:01:10.640 --> 01:01:11.856
(man)
We\'ve reached the point now

01:01:11.880 --> 01:01:15.656
where it\'s not
how many childrenwecan afford,

01:01:15.680 --> 01:01:18.120
but how many the earth
can afford.

01:01:20.040 --> 01:01:25.216
(man)
The world in which we use
resources efficiently

01:01:25.240 --> 01:01:29.975
and sustain seven billion people
comfortably,

01:01:29.999 --> 01:01:32.975 position:20%
is a world
with much less inequality

01:01:32.999 --> 01:01:35.999
than the world
we live in today.

01:01:36.480 --> 01:01:40.256
(man)
The population issue has become
much more complex

01:01:40.280 --> 01:01:42.736
because there are
hundreds of different places

01:01:42.760 --> 01:01:43.336
around the world,

01:01:43.360 --> 01:01:45.776
and each one has its own story
to tell

01:01:45.800 --> 01:01:48.640
in terms
of population.

01:01:49.999 --> 01:01:53.999
♪♪

01:01:55.200 --> 01:01:58.600 line:20%
♪♪

01:01:59.840 --> 01:02:02.840
(chatter)

01:02:09.040 --> 01:02:11.616
- All right,
ladies and gentlemen!

01:02:11.640 --> 01:02:14.816
Walk this way!

01:02:14.840 --> 01:02:16.976
(whistle blowing)

01:02:17.000 --> 01:02:17.816
Manila Cathedral,

01:02:17.840 --> 01:02:20.975
the green dome and crucifix,
it\'s right over there.

01:02:20.999 --> 01:02:24.256
Those blocks of stone...

01:02:24.280 --> 01:02:27.680
♪♪

01:02:32.320 --> 01:02:35.975
So, ladies and gentlemen!

01:02:35.999 --> 01:02:36.936
Fort Santiago!

01:02:36.960 --> 01:02:38.456
(people laughing)

01:02:38.480 --> 01:02:40.975
The wall can really see
who controlled the Philippines

01:02:40.999 --> 01:02:42.975
back during
the Spanish Colonial period

01:02:42.999 --> 01:02:45.975
because on one side
of this plaza,

01:02:45.999 --> 01:02:47.975
you have Fort Santiago,

01:02:47.999 --> 01:02:49.975
the military
fortification.

01:02:49.999 --> 01:02:54.096
A symbol of the power
of the King of Spain.

01:02:54.120 --> 01:02:55.975
And it\'s two stories tall.

01:02:55.999 --> 01:02:56.416
(all chuckling)

01:02:56.440 --> 01:02:57.975
Meanwhile, on the other side
of the plaza,

01:02:57.999 --> 01:02:59.176
you got the mother ship
of the Catholic Church,

01:02:59.200 --> 01:03:02.296
kilometer zero, the center of
Philippine society,

01:03:02.320 --> 01:03:05.656
Manila Cathedral,
eight stories tall.

01:03:05.680 --> 01:03:06.096
(all chuckling)

01:03:06.120 --> 01:03:09.976 line:20%
You\'ll see the Philippines was
really created for the Vatican.

01:03:10.000 --> 01:03:13.975
When I started doing the walking
tours of Manila ten years ago,

01:03:13.999 --> 01:03:16.975 line:20%
the street children
and overpopulation

01:03:16.999 --> 01:03:20.776 line:20%
and the misery brought
about by poverty,

01:03:20.800 --> 01:03:21.936
I just couldn\'t deny it.

01:03:21.960 --> 01:03:24.016
I just couldn\'t put
a smiley face on it.

01:03:24.040 --> 01:03:25.696
I just couldn\'t
justify it.

01:03:25.720 --> 01:03:27.856
\'Cause I\'m supposed to show
the beauty of Manila, right?

01:03:27.880 --> 01:03:29.896
I\'m supposed to show all
of these elements

01:03:29.920 --> 01:03:31.536
that are supposed
to make the city

01:03:31.560 --> 01:03:33.975
an attractive place
to visit.

01:03:33.999 --> 01:03:35.975
And these things
would always stand out.

01:03:35.999 --> 01:03:38.975
In 300 years during
the Spanish Colonial period,

01:03:38.999 --> 01:03:40.936
this city\'s population
ballooned

01:03:40.960 --> 01:03:44.736
from 10,000 people
to 15,000 people.

01:03:44.760 --> 01:03:48.176
We passed 15 million people
in our capital alone this year.

01:03:48.200 --> 01:03:49.816
Every since I was in high
school,

01:03:49.840 --> 01:03:51.776
I already could feel
overpopulation,

01:03:51.800 --> 01:03:52.336
just by every year

01:03:52.360 --> 01:03:55.296 position:20%
more classmates would start
appearing in my classroom,

01:03:55.320 --> 01:03:56.536
until, um...

01:03:56.560 --> 01:03:58.776
I remember growing up
and in our classes,

01:03:58.800 --> 01:03:59.975
we used to be
around 15 students.

01:03:59.999 --> 01:04:03.576
And by the time I graduated high
school, we were 40 students.

01:04:03.600 --> 01:04:06.296
My dad was the only one
among his six brothers

01:04:06.320 --> 01:04:08.016
who practiced
modern family planning.

01:04:08.040 --> 01:04:11.296
So, most of my cousins
are 15 children.

01:04:11.320 --> 01:04:13.256
My other set of cousins
are 13 children,

01:04:13.280 --> 01:04:14.096
10 children,
eight children.

01:04:14.120 --> 01:04:18.256
And, you know, I never thought
of it as an issue of anything

01:04:18.280 --> 01:04:20.976 position:20%
because, you know, they all come
from a well-to-do family.

01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:24.056 position:20%
They all went
to private school like me.

01:04:24.080 --> 01:04:24.816
(all laughing)

01:04:24.840 --> 01:04:26.975
It was really only when I went
to university

01:04:26.999 --> 01:04:31.975
and I left that sort of
cloistered and insular world

01:04:31.999 --> 01:04:32.975
that I was living in

01:04:32.999 --> 01:04:33.736
that I really started seeing

01:04:33.760 --> 01:04:37.056
the true face of what a large
family without any means

01:04:37.080 --> 01:04:39.736 position:20%
can do
on the streets of Manila.

01:04:39.760 --> 01:04:42.975
(whistle blowing)

01:04:42.999 --> 01:04:46.200
(loud chatter)

01:04:47.320 --> 01:04:50.936
I have seen
a woman who is 32 years old

01:04:50.960 --> 01:04:52.816
looking like
she\'s almost 60

01:04:52.840 --> 01:04:54.376
\'cause she\'s had a lot
of children.

01:04:54.400 --> 01:04:58.256
The Philippines is just one part
of a larger problem

01:04:58.280 --> 01:04:59.656
that\'s happening
on planet earth.

01:04:59.680 --> 01:05:03.896
And that has a lot to do
with overpopulation.

01:05:03.920 --> 01:05:07.120 line:20%
♪♪

01:05:20.400 --> 01:05:22.376
(phone ringing)

01:05:22.400 --> 01:05:25.056 position:20%
- Purisima, good morning.

01:05:25.080 --> 01:05:28.160
Yes, they work
till 8:00 or 9:00, yes.

01:05:29.360 --> 01:05:31.776 position:20%
What\'s your invoice number?

01:05:31.800 --> 01:05:34.136
I already submitted your report.

01:05:34.160 --> 01:05:39.336
Uh-huh, no water.

01:05:39.360 --> 01:05:43.776 line:20%
When the manager arrives
I\'ll tell him again.

01:05:43.800 --> 01:05:46.416
(man)
Because of the continuous
shortage of water,

01:05:46.440 --> 01:05:49.696
here in the Iztapalapa section,

01:05:49.720 --> 01:05:57.360 line:20%
there is not enough water
available through the network.

01:05:58.120 --> 01:06:03.016
(Maude Barlow)
The place where Mexico City is
now was once all canals.

01:06:03.040 --> 01:06:05.336
It was absolute water oasis.

01:06:05.360 --> 01:06:07.975 line:20%
But the conquistadors,
the Spanish, didn\'t like that.

01:06:07.999 --> 01:06:10.816 position:20% line:20%
They didn\'t want it to look like
Venice so they dredged it.

01:06:10.840 --> 01:06:12.856
You know,
they turned it into something

01:06:12.880 --> 01:06:14.496
that became totally dependent
on ground water.

01:06:14.520 --> 01:06:20.056
And as the city grew,
they drank up the ground water
just ravenously.

01:06:20.080 --> 01:06:23.456
Now with this great big city
of 25 million people,

01:06:23.480 --> 01:06:25.696
we have
exponential population growth

01:06:25.720 --> 01:06:27.176
as we have exponential demand

01:06:27.200 --> 01:06:28.975
and as we have more
water-intensive

01:06:28.999 --> 01:06:32.616
consumer lifestyles, and that\'s
really a key one right there.

01:06:32.640 --> 01:06:37.200
We are putting a terrible strain
on the, on the world\'s water.

01:06:37.440 --> 01:06:39.496
- Sorry, you requested
a water truck?

01:06:39.520 --> 01:06:41.200
- Yes.
- Yes?

01:06:46.920 --> 01:06:49.696
- We are connected
to the system,

01:06:49.720 --> 01:06:51.856
but sometimes
the water doesn\'t come.

01:06:51.880 --> 01:06:54.776
That\'s why we come to this,
we ask for a truck,

01:06:54.800 --> 01:06:58.936
so that they fill our tanks,
from there we save it

01:06:58.960 --> 01:07:06.999
and take it up to the tank
and we have water.

01:07:07.880 --> 01:07:11.176
This is the tap
that\'s connected to the system.

01:07:11.200 --> 01:07:15.136
And we have this cloth because
it gets dirty.

01:07:15.160 --> 01:07:17.975
This is our filter.

01:07:17.999 --> 01:07:21.216
And our water\'s a little bit
cleaner.

01:07:21.240 --> 01:07:27.256
Now it is closed,
now it is open.

01:07:27.280 --> 01:07:29.696
And there is no water.

01:07:29.720 --> 01:07:30.616
You can\'t wash clothes.

01:07:30.640 --> 01:07:32.975
You can\'t wash the dishes,
and we can\'t shower.

01:07:32.999 --> 01:07:37.576 position:20%
Then another strategy is when it
rains, we put out barrels.

01:07:37.600 --> 01:07:39.336
They fill up with rain water,

01:07:39.360 --> 01:07:43.336
and we use that for the dishes,
the bathroom,

01:07:43.360 --> 01:07:45.336
things that seem
not that important,

01:07:45.360 --> 01:07:47.880
but at the same time
are very important.

01:07:47.999 --> 01:07:51.696 position:20%
(Elena Burns)
One of the keys to
sustainability is equity.

01:07:51.720 --> 01:07:54.736
And as long as somebody\'s able
to pay a bit more,

01:07:54.760 --> 01:07:55.376
we can always have more.

01:07:55.400 --> 01:08:03.400 line:20%
We\'re just completely exceeding
the limits of our watersheds.

01:08:07.999 --> 01:08:12.336
(Francisco)
The people here are already
desperate.

01:08:12.360 --> 01:08:15.816
They fight between each other
for the water.

01:08:15.840 --> 01:08:19.816
I think in the long run
this is going to be like a war,

01:08:19.840 --> 01:08:24.720 position:20%
because water is going to be
more valuable than money.

01:08:26.000 --> 01:08:28.696
(Maude)
In the last century alone
while the population

01:08:28.720 --> 01:08:30.975
around the world
grew three times,

01:08:30.999 --> 01:08:34.776
the consumption of water grew
seven times.

01:08:34.800 --> 01:08:38.456 position:20%
So, we\'re actually
doubling our use of water

01:08:38.480 --> 01:08:39.975
every 20 years or so.

01:08:39.999 --> 01:08:43.176 position:20% line:20%
- Most ecologists who have
understood for a long time

01:08:43.200 --> 01:08:45.975 line:20%
that we need to get the brakes
on population growth

01:08:45.999 --> 01:08:48.975
or we\'ll simply
overrun the carrying capacity

01:08:48.999 --> 01:08:50.975
of the earth\'s various
ecosystems,

01:08:50.999 --> 01:08:54.280
which is exactly
what we\'re doing.

01:08:57.200 --> 01:09:00.056
- We live with what I call
the myth of abundance.

01:09:00.080 --> 01:09:03.536
(Robert Engelman)
It certainly is not a good idea
to talk about population

01:09:03.560 --> 01:09:05.456
as though consumption
were not an issue.

01:09:05.480 --> 01:09:08.096 line:20%
And I actually see consumption
as more of

01:09:08.120 --> 01:09:09.656 line:20%
a subset of population.

01:09:09.680 --> 01:09:11.975 position:20%
It\'s, it\'s people
and the way people behave.

01:09:11.999 --> 01:09:13.296 line:20%
- You\'ve got these three factors

01:09:13.320 --> 01:09:15.256 line:20%
that determine
the human footprint.

01:09:15.280 --> 01:09:19.080
How many people?
That\'s population.

01:09:19.760 --> 01:09:22.975
How much stuff they consume.

01:09:22.999 --> 01:09:27.999
And what technologies they use
to consume it.

01:09:39.880 --> 01:09:42.696
(woman)
The water that we drink,

01:09:42.720 --> 01:09:45.975
we buy it separately.

01:09:45.999 --> 01:09:50.136 position:20%
A guy comes on a tricycle,

01:09:50.160 --> 01:09:54.975
and he has
different size bottles.

01:09:54.999 --> 01:09:58.000
And every family buys water.

01:09:58.960 --> 01:10:00.456 position:20%
(Maude)
Bottled water in our world

01:10:00.480 --> 01:10:05.536
is just a form
of collective insanity.

01:10:05.560 --> 01:10:07.176
Just the little
personal bottles,

01:10:07.200 --> 01:10:08.856
if you were to put them
end-to-end,

01:10:08.880 --> 01:10:11.536
they would go
to the moon and back 65 times.

01:10:11.560 --> 01:10:14.096
That\'s the amount of plastic
that we\'re using

01:10:14.120 --> 01:10:17.056
and then throwing out
around the world that ends up

01:10:17.080 --> 01:10:20.416
in the oceans, in our forests,
in our landfills.

01:10:20.440 --> 01:10:23.336 position:20%
It\'s just
a huge amount of garbage.

01:10:23.360 --> 01:10:26.760
♪♪

01:10:28.800 --> 01:10:31.016 line:20%
(Chris Jordan)
This one is called
\"Plastic Bottles.\"

01:10:31.040 --> 01:10:34.856 line:20%
And it depicts
two million plastic bottles,

01:10:34.880 --> 01:10:38.976 position:20%
the number we use in the United
States every five minutes.

01:10:39.000 --> 01:10:43.975
This is the equivalent of
eight entire football fields.

01:10:43.999 --> 01:10:47.680 position:20%
And that\'s five minutes
worth of plastic bottles.

01:10:51.600 --> 01:10:53.416 position:20%
I\'ve been doing
a lot of printing lately.

01:10:53.440 --> 01:10:54.576 position:20%
Oh, there they are, okay.

01:10:54.600 --> 01:10:56.999
Let\'s see,
there\'s that one.

01:11:01.999 --> 01:11:06.416 position:20% line:20%
You might recognize
this painting by Van Gogh

01:11:06.440 --> 01:11:11.256 position:20%
that, uh, I constructed out of
50,000 cigarette lighters.

01:11:11.280 --> 01:11:13.296
When you get up close,
you can see it\'s, uh,

01:11:13.320 --> 01:11:16.975
it\'s all tiny
plastic cigarette lighters.

01:11:16.999 --> 01:11:20.736
And, uh, this is the estimated
number of pieces of floating

01:11:20.760 --> 01:11:25.456
plastic in every square mile
of the world\'s oceans.

01:11:25.480 --> 01:11:27.056
And the reason I chose
the Van Gogh piece

01:11:27.080 --> 01:11:29.696
is because, uh,
there\'s this interesting swirl

01:11:29.720 --> 01:11:31.456
right here which looks just
like, uh,

01:11:31.480 --> 01:11:34.536
an ocean current
that\'s over the land.

01:11:34.560 --> 01:11:36.856
And so, I was just thinking,
like, it should be

01:11:36.880 --> 01:11:41.136
in all of our consciousness
sort of the same way.

01:11:41.160 --> 01:11:43.936
I think getting a visual sense
of our mass consumption

01:11:43.960 --> 01:11:47.056
is really important
because otherwise

01:11:47.080 --> 01:11:50.616 position:20%
the only information we have
to understand the enormity

01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:53.975
of our consumption is these
giant numbers, you know?

01:11:53.999 --> 01:11:55.256
Like, last year
in the United States,

01:11:55.280 --> 01:11:58.856
we used 210 billion
plastic bottles.

01:11:58.880 --> 01:12:01.536 position:20%
And when I say that to you,

01:12:01.560 --> 01:12:04.136
it, it doesn\'t register
at least with me.

01:12:04.160 --> 01:12:05.975
When someone says
it\'s 210 billion,

01:12:05.999 --> 01:12:07.856
those numbers don\'t register
with us at all.

01:12:07.880 --> 01:12:10.616 position:20%
They\'re far beyond
our ability to comprehend.

01:12:10.640 --> 01:12:12.936
And if we can\'t comprehend
the numbers to relate to these

01:12:12.960 --> 01:12:16.975
profoundly important phenomena,
then we don\'t feel anything.

01:12:16.999 --> 01:12:20.280
♪♪

01:12:23.480 --> 01:12:28.456 position:20% line:20%
- Our footprint of humanity
is now 1-1/2 times bigger

01:12:28.480 --> 01:12:29.496 line:20%
than what earth can regenerate.

01:12:29.520 --> 01:12:34.096
In other words, it would take
a year and six months

01:12:34.120 --> 01:12:35.736
to regenerate everything

01:12:35.760 --> 01:12:38.736
that is being consumed
in just one year.

01:12:38.760 --> 01:12:41.576
And with money, we can spend
more than what we earn

01:12:41.600 --> 01:12:44.776
for some time,
but this deficit accumulates

01:12:44.800 --> 01:12:47.376
into larger and larger debt.

01:12:47.400 --> 01:12:49.816
If you look at projections
from the United Nations,

01:12:49.840 --> 01:12:52.376
just moderate increase
of population,

01:12:52.400 --> 01:12:55.896 position:20%
and we will eat a little bit
better, uh, we\'ll be able

01:12:55.920 --> 01:12:57.975
to decarbonize some of our
energy but still kind

01:12:57.999 --> 01:13:00.576
of continue similarly,
if you add it all up,

01:13:00.600 --> 01:13:06.975
it looks as if we need three
planets by the time we hit 2050.

01:13:06.999 --> 01:13:10.975
- When you start looking at
the idea of bringing

01:13:10.999 --> 01:13:13.456 position:20%
all seven billion
of the world\'s inhabitants

01:13:13.480 --> 01:13:17.136
up to the standard of living of
how we live in the West,

01:13:17.160 --> 01:13:20.975
uh, then-- I mean, I guess kind
of inevitably,

01:13:20.999 --> 01:13:25.456
you have to start looking
at the question of population.

01:13:25.480 --> 01:13:28.016
Like, how many
is too many people?

01:13:28.040 --> 01:13:32.456 position:20%
And what\'s this kind of basic
human right of all people

01:13:32.480 --> 01:13:37.136
on earth to have a roof over
their head and to have food?

01:13:37.160 --> 01:13:39.896
Um, and of course, we all know.

01:13:39.920 --> 01:13:44.776
I mean, population is
the question that...

01:13:44.800 --> 01:13:46.456 position:20%
we don\'t wanna talk about.

01:13:46.480 --> 01:13:51.216
-I am today launching
a brand-new analog teaching

01:13:51.240 --> 01:13:54.216 line:20%
technology that I picked up
from IKEA.

01:13:54.240 --> 01:13:57.975 line:20%
This box, this box contains
one billion people.

01:13:57.999 --> 01:14:02.136
What I show you here is how the
world was when I went to school.

01:14:02.160 --> 01:14:06.336
1960, there were three billion
people in the world.

01:14:06.360 --> 01:14:10.936
One billion people
was the Western world.

01:14:10.960 --> 01:14:12.216 position:20%
Europe and North America.

01:14:12.240 --> 01:14:16.656
People were healthy,
educated, rich,

01:14:16.680 --> 01:14:17.856
and they had small families.

01:14:17.880 --> 01:14:21.656
And their aspiration
was to buy a car.

01:14:21.680 --> 01:14:26.136
And in 1960, all Swedes
will buy a Volvo like this.

01:14:26.160 --> 01:14:27.975
And then there was a big gap.

01:14:27.999 --> 01:14:31.696
And then we had the developing
world with two billion people.

01:14:31.720 --> 01:14:34.136
The developing world
far away,

01:14:34.160 --> 01:14:37.616
the aspiration of the average
family there

01:14:37.640 --> 01:14:39.016
was to have food for the day.

01:14:39.040 --> 01:14:44.056 line:20%
And they were saving to be able
to buy a pair of shoes.

01:14:44.080 --> 01:14:48.176 position:20%
Since 1960,
what has happened is that

01:14:48.200 --> 01:14:53.216
a total of four billion people
have been added to the world.

01:14:53.240 --> 01:14:56.975 position:20%
And they have been added
somewhere here in-between.

01:14:56.999 --> 01:15:00.975 position:20%
And in fact, the Western world
have had economic growth,

01:15:00.999 --> 01:15:02.416
and they have moved
in this direction.

01:15:02.440 --> 01:15:05.096
And now their aspiration
is not only to have a car,

01:15:05.120 --> 01:15:08.975 line:20%
now they want to have a holiday
on a very remote destination,

01:15:08.999 --> 01:15:10.536
and they want to fly.

01:15:10.560 --> 01:15:13.960
♪♪

01:15:20.840 --> 01:15:23.136 line:20%
- We have a huge problem
with consumption,

01:15:23.160 --> 01:15:24.936 line:20%
overconsumption by the rich,

01:15:24.960 --> 01:15:26.975 line:20%
but there\'s a couple billion
people on the planet

01:15:26.999 --> 01:15:29.936 position:20%
who under consume,
who don\'t get enough food,

01:15:29.960 --> 01:15:30.975
who don\'t have decent shelter,

01:15:30.999 --> 01:15:33.896
who don\'t have any kind
of medical care.

01:15:33.920 --> 01:15:37.120 line:20%
♪♪

01:15:44.320 --> 01:15:47.720
♪♪

01:16:04.480 --> 01:16:07.880
♪♪

01:16:29.040 --> 01:16:32.376
(Anne Mama Akinyi)
I live in Kibera slum.

01:16:32.400 --> 01:16:36.576
And I came here because
it\'s a good place.

01:16:36.600 --> 01:16:39.456
You can get a sponsor

01:16:39.480 --> 01:16:43.720
to sponsor your children
to go to school.

01:16:50.999 --> 01:16:52.975
(Mike Davis)
Kibera in Nairobi is probably

01:16:52.999 --> 01:16:56.376
one of the world\'s most
well-known slums.

01:16:56.400 --> 01:17:01.016
There seems to be nothing but
one continuous fabric of shacks

01:17:01.040 --> 01:17:05.560 position:20%
separated by tiny little
alleyways and open sewers.

01:17:08.040 --> 01:17:13.096
At least 43% of the earth\'s
urban population live in slums.

01:17:13.120 --> 01:17:17.975 line:20%
The world\'s slum population
is very close to a billion,

01:17:17.999 --> 01:17:22.520
and will probably double over
the next, uh, 20 years.

01:17:23.920 --> 01:17:26.975
- I\'m your regular customer,
are you forgetting?

01:17:26.999 --> 01:17:29.096
- How could I forget!

01:17:29.120 --> 01:17:33.096 position:20%
If you don\'t have much and
I don\'t purchase from you,

01:17:33.120 --> 01:17:34.816
my customers usually complain.

01:17:34.840 --> 01:17:37.176 position:20% line:20%
- The bunch isn\'t small
when you put it in water.

01:17:37.200 --> 01:17:38.296
It will be okay.

01:17:38.320 --> 01:17:42.680
- I\'ll purchase some more
to add to this.

01:17:43.120 --> 01:17:46.975
My husband used to work here
in Nairobi.

01:17:46.999 --> 01:17:48.736 position:20%
One day on the way to work,

01:17:48.760 --> 01:17:52.976
he got into an accident
on Ngong Road.

01:17:53.000 --> 01:17:54.975
Then the police found the body

01:17:54.999 --> 01:17:58.696
and took him to Kenyatta
National Hospital.

01:17:58.720 --> 01:18:01.496
He stayed there for three weeks,

01:18:01.520 --> 01:18:03.376
then he died.

01:18:03.400 --> 01:18:06.800
♪♪

01:18:10.880 --> 01:18:13.096
My husband\'s brother
sold our piece of land.

01:18:13.120 --> 01:18:15.776
So, I had nowhere
to even cultivate.

01:18:15.800 --> 01:18:21.999
That\'s why I decided to look for
somewhere to console my spirit.

01:18:23.200 --> 01:18:28.536
My dad gave all his sons
land before he died.

01:18:28.560 --> 01:18:30.536
He divided everything.

01:18:30.560 --> 01:18:32.896
None of my brothers
offered to give me land,

01:18:32.920 --> 01:18:35.376
and I\'ve got children as well.

01:18:35.400 --> 01:18:39.880
That\'s what keeps me
from going back.

01:18:42.600 --> 01:18:44.975
And in our culture,
a woman isn\'t allowed

01:18:44.999 --> 01:18:48.280
to inherit land or any asset
from her dad.

01:18:49.680 --> 01:18:53.976
Only males inherit
their parents\' wealth.

01:18:54.000 --> 01:18:56.480
(rooster crows)

01:18:59.400 --> 01:19:01.576
(birds chirping)

01:19:01.600 --> 01:19:03.999
(rooster crows)

01:19:06.999 --> 01:19:09.360
(clucking)

01:19:12.999 --> 01:19:15.440
(girl fussing)

01:19:22.080 --> 01:19:24.520
(crowing)

01:19:34.160 --> 01:19:38.120
We should all wake up,
let me be the first.

01:19:41.320 --> 01:19:43.760
(crowing)

01:19:56.560 --> 01:19:58.736
Have you seen a pair of socks?

01:19:58.760 --> 01:19:59.776
- I\'ve only seen one.

01:19:59.800 --> 01:20:02.999
- How will you go
with only one sock?

01:20:03.160 --> 01:20:06.576
(Mercy Akinyi)
In Kibera, what happens in your
house, the other person

01:20:06.600 --> 01:20:09.296
has to know whether
you like it or not.

01:20:09.320 --> 01:20:10.975 line:20%
There is no privacy.

01:20:10.999 --> 01:20:11.936 line:20%
(chuckling)

01:20:11.960 --> 01:20:12.896 position:20% line:20%
That is also a challenge.

01:20:12.920 --> 01:20:14.576
(speaking in foreign language)

01:20:14.600 --> 01:20:19.736
(Anne)
I take care of a total number
of eight children.

01:20:19.760 --> 01:20:23.336
Two are orphans,
while six are my own.

01:20:23.360 --> 01:20:27.256
I had eight children,
but two died.

01:20:27.280 --> 01:20:28.816
(chattering in foreign language)

01:20:28.840 --> 01:20:33.176
(Juliette Gambi)
I would say the average size
of the households in Kibera,

01:20:33.200 --> 01:20:35.096
eight to ten people in a house.

01:20:35.120 --> 01:20:37.975
Yeah, maybe,
five, six children.

01:20:37.999 --> 01:20:39.975 position:20%
Two parents, two relatives.

01:20:39.999 --> 01:20:40.656 line:20%
That\'s the average.

01:20:40.680 --> 01:20:43.896 line:20%
It can go to
a point even of 18.

01:20:43.920 --> 01:20:45.576 line:20%
18 in a single room.

01:20:45.600 --> 01:20:46.656
(indistinct chattering)

01:20:46.680 --> 01:20:50.056
- Apondi, Apondi...

01:20:50.080 --> 01:20:52.256
She has gotten
a very bad ranking.

01:20:52.280 --> 01:20:53.975 position:20%
She\'s gone backwards a lot.

01:20:53.999 --> 01:20:54.856
I don\'t like it.

01:20:54.880 --> 01:20:59.296
I want her to do well
to have a good ranking.

01:20:59.320 --> 01:21:00.896
- What number
is she?

01:21:00.920 --> 01:21:03.975
- She is number 52!

01:21:03.999 --> 01:21:05.975
Oh, Apondi!

01:21:05.999 --> 01:21:08.816
What is it
you go and do at school?

01:21:08.840 --> 01:21:10.736
She\'s regressed a lot.

01:21:10.760 --> 01:21:12.975
This is not good.

01:21:12.999 --> 01:21:15.976 position:20%
(Mercy)
In Kibera here,
you find that the parents,

01:21:16.000 --> 01:21:18.975
they value taking their boys
to school

01:21:18.999 --> 01:21:20.736
rather than
taking their girls to school.

01:21:20.760 --> 01:21:24.856
Also, most of the girls after
they finish their class eight,

01:21:24.880 --> 01:21:26.336
they end up getting pregnant,

01:21:26.360 --> 01:21:30.016 position:20%
and then they end up
not going back to school.

01:21:30.040 --> 01:21:33.176 position:20%
My mother, she\'s always there
to encourage me every day

01:21:33.200 --> 01:21:35.616
that I can go to school,
and I can make it.

01:21:35.640 --> 01:21:40.456
I think it is because in her
family where she came from,

01:21:40.480 --> 01:21:42.696
uh, the girls were not
taken to school.

01:21:42.720 --> 01:21:46.176
When you finish class seven,
most of them--

01:21:46.200 --> 01:21:47.975
I\'ve been told that
that is the end,

01:21:47.999 --> 01:21:52.160
as long as they know
how to read and write.

01:21:53.999 --> 01:21:56.496
She wanted to know why girls...

01:21:56.520 --> 01:21:59.776
can\'t they do the same thing
that the boys can do?

01:21:59.800 --> 01:22:02.975
So, I think that is what
gives her the courage to tell me

01:22:02.999 --> 01:22:07.120
everything so that she don\'t
want me to end up like her.

01:22:08.000 --> 01:22:11.376
(speaking in foreign language)

01:22:11.400 --> 01:22:15.496
(Juliette)
These families where
we have so many children

01:22:15.520 --> 01:22:17.975
get problem with malnutrition.

01:22:17.999 --> 01:22:21.536
For example, in the morning,
others don\'t have breakfast.

01:22:21.560 --> 01:22:23.856
Lunch is just some tea
and mendazi.

01:22:23.880 --> 01:22:25.976
At night, porridge,
and that\'s it.

01:22:26.000 --> 01:22:28.336
Others don\'t even
have food for days.

01:22:28.360 --> 01:22:30.800
(rainfall)

01:22:32.160 --> 01:22:34.496
(thunder rolling)

01:22:34.520 --> 01:22:36.856
- Thank you God for the supper.

01:22:36.880 --> 01:22:40.816
We ask you to bless us,
in Jesus\' name I pray.

01:22:40.840 --> 01:22:42.280
- Amen.

01:22:43.120 --> 01:22:45.016
(John Seager)
When you look around the world,

01:22:45.040 --> 01:22:48.936
you can make a pretty good case
that people in the United States

01:22:48.960 --> 01:22:52.816
in particular and in certain
other well-developed countries

01:22:52.840 --> 01:22:57.096 position:20%
have what I think might
be called carbon obesity.

01:22:57.120 --> 01:23:00.856 position:20%
We are big carbon consumers

01:23:00.880 --> 01:23:02.536
through our emissions.

01:23:02.560 --> 01:23:03.696
At the same time,

01:23:03.720 --> 01:23:06.056 position:20%
people in other parts of the
world including many parts

01:23:06.080 --> 01:23:10.376
of Africa, are suffering from
carbon starvation.

01:23:10.400 --> 01:23:13.736 line:20%
Given the current state
of technology,

01:23:13.760 --> 01:23:16.976 line:20%
not what we hope
will happen someday, maybe soon,

01:23:17.000 --> 01:23:18.456
but the reality today,

01:23:18.480 --> 01:23:22.056
the only way those people can
have anything resembling

01:23:22.080 --> 01:23:27.176
a decent life is to dramatically
increase their carbon footprint.

01:23:27.200 --> 01:23:30.975 position:20%
So, at the same time we have to
bring our footprint down,

01:23:30.999 --> 01:23:32.975
theirs needs to come up.

01:23:32.999 --> 01:23:35.576
And when you
look at that,

01:23:35.600 --> 01:23:36.856
it\'s almost impossible,

01:23:36.880 --> 01:23:39.416
absent some
miraculous invention,

01:23:39.440 --> 01:23:42.016
that we\'re gonna get to where
we need to get to

01:23:42.040 --> 01:23:44.616 position:20%
without meeting
the population challenge.

01:23:44.640 --> 01:23:46.975
-I\'m going to project
into 2050.

01:23:46.999 --> 01:23:50.975
What about
the poorest two billion here?

01:23:50.999 --> 01:23:52.336
Will they move on?

01:23:52.360 --> 01:23:54.936
Well, here population
comes in because there,

01:23:54.960 --> 01:23:57.576
we already have two to three
children per woman.

01:23:57.600 --> 01:23:58.976
Family planning is widely used,

01:23:59.000 --> 01:24:01.975
and population growth
is coming to an end.

01:24:01.999 --> 01:24:03.936
Here, population is growing.

01:24:03.960 --> 01:24:07.896
So, these two billions will
in the next decades,

01:24:07.920 --> 01:24:09.376
increase to three billions.

01:24:09.400 --> 01:24:13.576
And then will thereafter
increase to four billion.

01:24:13.600 --> 01:24:17.376
The question is
the new two billions.

01:24:17.400 --> 01:24:20.896
Because until I die,
there will be two billion more.

01:24:20.920 --> 01:24:22.216
Whether we like it
or not like it.

01:24:22.240 --> 01:24:25.136
Whether we think it,
we can do something about it.

01:24:25.160 --> 01:24:26.056
It\'s impossible.

01:24:26.080 --> 01:24:29.999
Those mothers to those children
are already born.

01:24:30.040 --> 01:24:33.975
The big question is whether
it will stop at nine billion

01:24:33.999 --> 01:24:37.456
or whether growth will continue
after 2050.

01:24:37.480 --> 01:24:40.999
- Overpopulation, like,
it\'s an easy...

01:24:41.920 --> 01:24:44.975
...subject to identify.

01:24:44.999 --> 01:24:46.336
But then what you do about it,

01:24:46.360 --> 01:24:49.975
how you solve...
too many people...

01:24:49.999 --> 01:24:53.096
is, it, it immediately starts
to raise ethical--

01:24:53.120 --> 01:24:57.576
I mean, just a morass
of ethical questions, just...

01:24:57.600 --> 01:24:59.656
It\'s incredibly uncomfortable.

01:24:59.680 --> 01:25:02.999
♪♪

01:25:05.080 --> 01:25:06.936
(Derek Hoff)
If we\'re gonna have an honest
discussion

01:25:06.960 --> 01:25:08.776
about population
in the United States,

01:25:08.800 --> 01:25:12.200 line:20%
the discussion post-World War
Two is fascinating.

01:25:14.240 --> 01:25:16.056 line:20%
Many people initially celebrated

01:25:16.080 --> 01:25:20.296 line:20%
the baby boom in America
after the war.

01:25:20.320 --> 01:25:21.975 position:20% line:20%
The 1950s were prosperous.

01:25:21.999 --> 01:25:24.975 line:20%
The suburbs were allowing
millions of families more space

01:25:24.999 --> 01:25:26.975 position:20% line:20%
to have that third child.

01:25:26.999 --> 01:25:28.816 line:20%
And more than that,
it wasn\'t just

01:25:28.840 --> 01:25:30.376 line:20%
that people were
relatively prosperous.

01:25:30.400 --> 01:25:32.736 line:20%
It\'s that their expectations
were increasing.

01:25:32.760 --> 01:25:36.336 line:20%
Many parents of the 1950s had
grown up during the depression.

01:25:36.360 --> 01:25:38.896
And they\'d seen how bad things
had been

01:25:38.920 --> 01:25:40.536
for their parents in the 1930s.

01:25:40.560 --> 01:25:43.176
And in the 1950s, they expected
things to get better

01:25:43.200 --> 01:25:46.256
for themselves
and for their children.

01:25:46.280 --> 01:25:49.056 position:20%
(commercial music playing)

01:25:49.080 --> 01:25:49.696
(phone ringing)

01:25:49.720 --> 01:25:52.336
- ♪ A brand-new sink,
a built-in oven ♪

01:25:52.360 --> 01:25:55.736
♪ A new refrigerator
and a phone ♪

01:25:55.760 --> 01:25:57.999
♪ A bright red phone ♪♪

01:25:58.760 --> 01:26:01.975
(Derek)
Because they expected things
to keep getting better,

01:26:01.999 --> 01:26:02.696
that made them feel

01:26:02.720 --> 01:26:04.975
even better about themselves
and the economy.

01:26:04.999 --> 01:26:06.296 position:20%
And they had more children.

01:26:06.320 --> 01:26:09.496
(newsman)
The population of the United
States is reaching a new high

01:26:09.520 --> 01:26:14.280
and growing by one new citizen
every 11 seconds.

01:26:14.840 --> 01:26:18.975
(newsman 2)
President Johnson waited for the
population indicator to clock up

01:26:18.999 --> 01:26:21.416
the country\'s biggest
all-time score

01:26:21.440 --> 01:26:23.999
of 200 million people.

01:26:27.999 --> 01:26:30.816
(Derek)
The population issue
was generally not politicized

01:26:30.840 --> 01:26:31.416
in post-War America.

01:26:31.440 --> 01:26:36.336
The few conservationists were
beginning to articulate ideas

01:26:36.360 --> 01:26:38.576
about the danger of accelerating

01:26:38.600 --> 01:26:40.976
population growth
in the United States.

01:26:41.000 --> 01:26:42.096
We do see the beginnings

01:26:42.120 --> 01:26:44.975
of a liberal critique
of mass consumption.

01:26:44.999 --> 01:26:48.736
A liberal critique
of runaway capitalism.

01:26:48.760 --> 01:26:50.616
But in general,
population was not an issue

01:26:50.640 --> 01:26:53.256
at the center of the
American discussion

01:26:53.280 --> 01:26:54.975
until the late 1960s.

01:26:54.999 --> 01:26:58.320
♪♪

01:27:06.999 --> 01:27:10.056 position:20%
Population issues
mainstreamed in the 1960s

01:27:10.080 --> 01:27:12.136
for a host of reasons.

01:27:12.160 --> 01:27:16.200
Number one, the environmental
movement was taking off.

01:27:17.999 --> 01:27:20.096
Issues like DDT

01:27:20.120 --> 01:27:22.456
and pollution and the fact that

01:27:22.480 --> 01:27:23.975
rivers were burning
in the 1960s,

01:27:23.999 --> 01:27:26.016
environmental concerns
rise to the fore.

01:27:26.040 --> 01:27:30.016
And at this time, the population
movement is very comfortable

01:27:30.040 --> 01:27:32.975
talking about the dangers
of population growth.

01:27:32.999 --> 01:27:36.936 line:20%
- We have an extremely serious
world demographic situation.

01:27:36.960 --> 01:27:40.975 line:20%
The population situation is
bad beyond what any demographer

01:27:40.999 --> 01:27:42.336 line:20%
even dreamed of 25 years ago.

01:27:42.360 --> 01:27:46.975
(Robert)
- Paul Ehrlich who was a
biologist at Stanford University

01:27:46.999 --> 01:27:48.616
got interested in this
whole issue.

01:27:48.640 --> 01:27:51.576
He was very concerned
that if population kept growing

01:27:51.600 --> 01:27:53.856
there\'d be starvation
in the 1970s.

01:27:53.880 --> 01:27:57.296 position:20%
- This year somewhere between
ten and 20 million people

01:27:57.320 --> 01:27:59.776
will starve to death
on this planet.

01:27:59.800 --> 01:28:00.896
Last year, the same.

01:28:00.920 --> 01:28:01.696
The year before that the same.

01:28:01.720 --> 01:28:03.976
Next year almost certainly
more and more and more.

01:28:04.000 --> 01:28:06.736
Should you think you\'re safe
in the United States,

01:28:06.760 --> 01:28:07.936
you are very sadly mistaken.

01:28:07.960 --> 01:28:10.576 line:20%
- He knew a lot about population
and the environment

01:28:10.600 --> 01:28:11.576 line:20%
because he studied butterflies.

01:28:11.600 --> 01:28:14.176 position:20% line:20%
And had seen butterfly
populations rise and fall

01:28:14.200 --> 01:28:16.736
in accordance with their
environmental resources.

01:28:16.760 --> 01:28:18.056
Saw a connection between the two

01:28:18.080 --> 01:28:22.176
and wrote a book
called \"The Population Bomb.\"

01:28:22.200 --> 01:28:24.296
He made
fairly specific predictions

01:28:24.320 --> 01:28:27.936
about how soon mass starvation
might set in.

01:28:27.960 --> 01:28:29.975
But before that was
proved wrong,

01:28:29.999 --> 01:28:32.936
he found his thesis
quite interesting

01:28:32.960 --> 01:28:33.776
particularly to the news media.

01:28:33.800 --> 01:28:39.096
(Paul)
- The idea is to have as many
people live as is possible.

01:28:39.120 --> 01:28:40.456 line:20%
And that means you have

01:28:40.480 --> 01:28:42.856 line:20%
a sustainable number
all the time.

01:28:42.880 --> 01:28:44.616 line:20%
You don\'t have
the population grow

01:28:44.640 --> 01:28:45.975
until the planet\'s destroyed.

01:28:45.999 --> 01:28:48.336
- Dr. Paul Ehrlich has been
with us

01:28:48.360 --> 01:28:49.536
two times before
on this program.

01:28:49.560 --> 01:28:51.376
And his book called
\"The Population Bomb\"

01:28:51.400 --> 01:28:52.896
has sold over
two million copies.

01:28:52.920 --> 01:28:54.976
Would you welcome
Dr. Paul Ehrlich.

01:28:55.000 --> 01:28:55.616
(applause)

01:28:55.640 --> 01:28:58.376
(Robert)
It turned out that Ehrlich
was very good on television,

01:28:58.400 --> 01:29:01.696 position:20%
and a lot of people got
interested in this issue.

01:29:01.720 --> 01:29:03.776
- We are now entering
the age of scarcity.

01:29:03.800 --> 01:29:05.376 position:20%
We\'re doing it
sooner than we had to, uh,

01:29:05.400 --> 01:29:07.456
because of our foolish behavior
over the last 20 years.

01:29:07.480 --> 01:29:10.975
(Bill Ryerson)
When Ehrlich lectured
on the Yale campus,

01:29:10.999 --> 01:29:13.376
it was packed to
standing room only.

01:29:13.400 --> 01:29:15.975
And Ehrlich stood up there
talking about the impact

01:29:15.999 --> 01:29:20.256
of these growing numbers
on the water table, on forests,

01:29:20.280 --> 01:29:22.296
on a whole array
of other issues.

01:29:22.320 --> 01:29:24.616 line:20%
It was for,
I think all of us in the room,

01:29:24.640 --> 01:29:29.656 line:20%
we suddenly woke up to the fact
that human impact

01:29:29.680 --> 01:29:31.999
was a global phenomenon.

01:29:33.760 --> 01:29:37.416
These files go way back
to the beginning of ZPG.

01:29:37.440 --> 01:29:40.256
When I started the Yale chapter,

01:29:40.280 --> 01:29:45.536
I created a sign...
uh, like this.

01:29:45.560 --> 01:29:50.080
And we put this on bulletin
boards all over the Yale campus.

01:29:50.760 --> 01:29:52.256
And people...

01:29:52.280 --> 01:29:54.616
scribbled on \'em
with graffiti saying,

01:29:54.640 --> 01:29:55.896
\"What the heck does this
stand for?\"

01:29:55.920 --> 01:29:59.376
Does this stand for zany poppy
growers or what is it?

01:29:59.400 --> 01:30:02.736
And there were comments in the
\"Yale Daily News\" and so on.

01:30:02.760 --> 01:30:04.736
Nobody knew what this was.
It was a big mystery.

01:30:04.760 --> 01:30:07.176
We had them on every
bulletin board on the campus.

01:30:07.200 --> 01:30:10.496
Then a week later, we posted
Zero Population Growth

01:30:10.520 --> 01:30:14.296
and a little information sheet
and a tear-off membership form.

01:30:14.320 --> 01:30:17.960
And we had 200 members
within two weeks.

01:30:18.080 --> 01:30:20.056
(Derek)
The movement immediately grew.

01:30:20.080 --> 01:30:24.296
I think it got up to the
35, 40,000 people range

01:30:24.320 --> 01:30:26.536
by the early 1970s.

01:30:26.560 --> 01:30:28.096
- Too many people,
more people

01:30:28.120 --> 01:30:29.776
than the earth
can prudently handle.

01:30:29.800 --> 01:30:33.816
ZPG an organization that works
to control population

01:30:33.840 --> 01:30:36.776
has chosen the Golden Gate
Bridge as a demonstration site

01:30:36.800 --> 01:30:40.120
to point out the problems
of too many people.

01:30:40.280 --> 01:30:43.456
(man)
Zero Population Growth
immediately sent a lobbyist

01:30:43.480 --> 01:30:45.296
to Washington and took on
the trappings

01:30:45.320 --> 01:30:48.416 position:20%
of a traditional interest group
that would lobby Congress.

01:30:48.440 --> 01:30:52.336
(Bill)
The population issue back then
we not controversial.

01:30:52.360 --> 01:30:56.816
Everywhere one looked,
population was being discussed.

01:30:56.840 --> 01:30:57.936
And it just took off.

01:30:57.960 --> 01:31:00.496
(Derek)
Population issues are on
the cover of all magazines.

01:31:00.520 --> 01:31:03.696
Population issues
are at the forefront
of the first Earth Day.

01:31:03.720 --> 01:31:06.816
- ♪ This could
very well be the... ♪

01:31:06.840 --> 01:31:08.496
- Labor groups come out
in favor.

01:31:08.520 --> 01:31:11.696
Many mainstream churches,
not the Catholic Church,

01:31:11.720 --> 01:31:13.416
but many mainstream
protestant churches

01:31:13.440 --> 01:31:16.016
announce their support
for a stable population.

01:31:16.040 --> 01:31:20.016
In 1969, Nixon enthusiastically
asked Congress

01:31:20.040 --> 01:31:22.975
to create this commission
on the population issue

01:31:22.999 --> 01:31:26.896
chaired by
John D. Rockefeller III.

01:31:26.920 --> 01:31:29.256 line:20%
- The overpopulation
popularizers

01:31:29.280 --> 01:31:32.975 position:20% line:20%
of the \'60s and \'70s
made such dire predictions

01:31:32.999 --> 01:31:34.456 line:20%
that when they didn\'t come true,

01:31:34.480 --> 01:31:37.176
it seemed to discredit

01:31:37.200 --> 01:31:38.936
the whole idea
that there are,

01:31:38.960 --> 01:31:39.696 position:20%
you know, limits to growth.

01:31:39.720 --> 01:31:42.975
Part of the reason those
disasters didn\'t come to pass

01:31:42.999 --> 01:31:45.496 position:20%
is because people
took the warning seriously

01:31:45.520 --> 01:31:46.496
and actually acted.

01:31:46.520 --> 01:31:48.056
(Derek)
Even though
the population movement

01:31:48.080 --> 01:31:50.536
dissipated quite quickly
in the 1970s,

01:31:50.560 --> 01:31:54.456
I think that the success of
the movement has been missed.

01:31:54.480 --> 01:31:57.136 position:20%
And I\'m always surprised when
a parent who had a couple

01:31:57.160 --> 01:31:59.256
of kids in 1970, 1972,

01:31:59.280 --> 01:32:01.176
will tell me,
\"Well, we stopped at two

01:32:01.200 --> 01:32:03.616
because that\'s what you were
supposed to do then.\"

01:32:03.640 --> 01:32:07.416 position:20%
So, there was definitely an idea
in the American discussion

01:32:07.440 --> 01:32:10.616
about the benefits of only
having one or two children.

01:32:10.640 --> 01:32:13.975
And that wasn\'t the only reason
that the birth rate went down

01:32:13.999 --> 01:32:15.816
in the late 1960s
and in the early 1970s.

01:32:15.840 --> 01:32:19.216
But I think the Zero Population
Growth movement had some success

01:32:19.240 --> 01:32:23.536
in reducing the birth rate
and educating Americans.

01:32:23.560 --> 01:32:24.936
- Next to the pursuit of peace,

01:32:24.960 --> 01:32:28.975 line:20%
the really greatest challenge
to the human family

01:32:28.999 --> 01:32:33.520
is the race between food supply
and population increase.

01:32:34.760 --> 01:32:37.696
That race tonight is being lost.

01:32:37.720 --> 01:32:40.856
The time for rhetoric
has clearly passed.

01:32:40.880 --> 01:32:44.096 position:20%
The time for
concerted action is here,

01:32:44.120 --> 01:32:45.816
and we must get on with the job.

01:32:45.840 --> 01:32:48.696
(Michelle)
There was suddenly
a huge amount of concern

01:32:48.720 --> 01:32:50.856
on both sides of
the political spectrum,

01:32:50.880 --> 01:32:53.776
that overpopulation was gonna
cause so much misery

01:32:53.800 --> 01:32:56.975
in a lot of these newly
decolonized countries

01:32:56.999 --> 01:32:59.296
that it was gonna lead them
to communist revolution.

01:32:59.320 --> 01:33:02.975
(Adrienne Germain)
The population field
which was originally funded

01:33:02.999 --> 01:33:06.256
primarily with money from
the rich countries,

01:33:06.280 --> 01:33:08.576
especially from
the United States,

01:33:08.600 --> 01:33:11.176 position:20% line:20%
was driven by very top down

01:33:11.200 --> 01:33:14.576 line:20%
national population
control programs.

01:33:14.600 --> 01:33:17.616
(Michelle)
Whenever you have people
in the First World,

01:33:17.640 --> 01:33:19.416
American or European countries,
saying that there\'s

01:33:19.440 --> 01:33:25.496
too many people in Africa and
Southeast Asia or South Asia

01:33:25.520 --> 01:33:27.776 position:20%
and Latin America,
you know, it comes tinged

01:33:27.800 --> 01:33:32.016
with all kinds of racist
and, um, eugenic ideas.

01:33:32.040 --> 01:33:35.896
Basically they lead to
what was probably the biggest

01:33:35.920 --> 01:33:39.999
social engineering project
in world history.

01:33:46.560 --> 01:33:50.576 position:20% line:20%
(Michelle)
The most well-known abuse
was the emergency in India

01:33:50.600 --> 01:33:53.896
where Indira Gandhi\'s son was
rounding up people

01:33:53.920 --> 01:33:55.576
and sending them to these
vasectomy camps

01:33:55.600 --> 01:33:58.536
where they were sterilized very
much against their will.

01:33:58.560 --> 01:34:01.975
- We feel that family planning
can no longer be looked upon

01:34:01.999 --> 01:34:05.056
as simply an independent,
separate program.

01:34:05.080 --> 01:34:09.856
It has got to become
part of our assault on poverty.

01:34:09.880 --> 01:34:11.975
- The Chinese regime
will mark 30 years

01:34:11.999 --> 01:34:14.656
of its one-child policy
on Saturday.

01:34:14.680 --> 01:34:15.576
It\'s a controversial law

01:34:15.600 --> 01:34:17.696
that limits many couples
to one child.

01:34:17.720 --> 01:34:19.975
Those who violate it
can face stiff fines,

01:34:19.999 --> 01:34:22.576
a salary cut,
or even forced abortion.

01:34:22.600 --> 01:34:24.656
The policy was implemented
in 1980

01:34:24.680 --> 01:34:26.056
out of fears
that a rising population

01:34:26.080 --> 01:34:27.856
would be bad for society
and the economy.

01:34:27.880 --> 01:34:30.975
But critics say it\'s lead
couples to abort or abandon

01:34:30.999 --> 01:34:33.856
female babies due to a cultural
preference for boys

01:34:33.880 --> 01:34:36.216
causing a severe
gender imbalance.

01:34:36.240 --> 01:34:39.975
(Carl)
Those are the examples
that set the whole field back.

01:34:39.999 --> 01:34:41.975
The reality is people
can\'t stand that.

01:34:41.999 --> 01:34:46.096
The public sees that and thinks
if that\'s population policy,

01:34:46.120 --> 01:34:49.376
I want nothing to do
with population policy.

01:34:49.400 --> 01:34:51.456 line:20%
(horns honking)

01:34:51.480 --> 01:34:54.880 line:20%
♪♪

01:35:16.880 --> 01:35:23.096
(Mubina Yaqub)
Areas like these
need Lady Health Workers

01:35:23.120 --> 01:35:30.776
because we can save
a lot of mothers.

01:35:30.800 --> 01:35:34.136
You\'ll write
the house number here.

01:35:34.160 --> 01:35:37.696
Our job is to spread awareness
about health

01:35:37.720 --> 01:35:43.656
and welfare of mothers
and children

01:35:43.680 --> 01:35:46.296
in order to control

01:35:46.320 --> 01:35:52.880
infant death and maternal death.

01:35:54.880 --> 01:36:00.975
(Safia Kausar)
We go door-to-door, meeting men
and women of households,

01:36:00.999 --> 01:36:07.480
but mostly wetalk to the women
and they trust us.

01:36:11.840 --> 01:36:15.656 line:20%
The lady health workers
are provided with

01:36:15.680 --> 01:36:20.320
condoms, pills and injections.

01:36:21.999 --> 01:36:24.360
(baby crying)

01:36:28.040 --> 01:36:31.216
- It\'s been two months today.

01:36:31.240 --> 01:36:34.280
They were born September 11th.

01:36:34.760 --> 01:36:40.360 position:20%
I have five children,
four daughters and a son.

01:36:41.120 --> 01:36:43.376
We wanted a son because
we only had daughters.

01:36:43.400 --> 01:36:45.856
My husband didn\'t allow me
to use contraceptives

01:36:45.880 --> 01:36:47.736
so that we could have a son.

01:36:47.760 --> 01:36:52.320
A woman has to agree with her
husband who wants two sons.

01:36:55.720 --> 01:36:58.975
(Zubaida Anwar)
I tell her every time
but she says

01:36:58.999 --> 01:37:03.440
it\'s her husband\'s
wish to have sons.

01:37:09.999 --> 01:37:12.176
I have tried hard
to convince them,

01:37:12.200 --> 01:37:15.160
and sometimes
she did use contraceptives.

01:37:17.600 --> 01:37:20.176
They\'ve made up their minds.

01:37:20.200 --> 01:37:26.296
- In our country, sons are given
a lot of importance.

01:37:26.320 --> 01:37:31.200
Daughters aren\'t
looked upon favorably.

01:37:31.999 --> 01:37:38.560
People put pressure on those
who are without sons.

01:37:38.720 --> 01:37:44.096
Sister (LHW) has informed us
but people mock us for having
daughters and not sons.

01:37:44.120 --> 01:37:48.080 position:20%
- Her brother-in-law\'s wives
who live upstairs do that.

01:37:50.240 --> 01:37:52.256
(baby crying)

01:37:52.280 --> 01:37:55.975
- Islam teaches that whether
it\'s a boy or a girl,

01:37:55.999 --> 01:37:58.936 position:20%
there should be
no gender discrimination.

01:37:58.960 --> 01:38:00.999 position:20%
They have the same rights.

01:38:11.999 --> 01:38:15.616
(man)
I have four boys
and two girls.

01:38:15.640 --> 01:38:16.536
(baby crying)

01:38:16.560 --> 01:38:20.656
I can\'t afford food, how can I
send my kids to school?

01:38:20.680 --> 01:38:25.576
I am illiterate,
I haven\'t studied anything.

01:38:25.600 --> 01:38:28.936
These children are
gifts from God.

01:38:28.960 --> 01:38:31.496
Some people
wish to have children.

01:38:31.520 --> 01:38:35.176
Some have a daughter
but not a son.

01:38:35.200 --> 01:38:37.656
Others have a son
but no daughters.

01:38:37.680 --> 01:38:41.176
Then there are
some who have neither.

01:38:41.200 --> 01:38:43.296 position:20%
This is God\'s will, right?

01:38:43.320 --> 01:38:45.296
If we use
family planning methods,

01:38:45.320 --> 01:38:47.336 position:20%
it will make God unhappy.

01:38:47.360 --> 01:38:52.256
How people are today,
it\'s God\'s will.

01:38:52.280 --> 01:38:55.560
♪♪

01:38:58.999 --> 01:39:01.440
(metal clanking)

01:39:10.480 --> 01:39:16.576 position:20%
(Hafiz)
Islam has taught us
the rights of a child are

01:39:16.600 --> 01:39:18.696
to be fed properly,

01:39:18.720 --> 01:39:21.096
proper education,
proper upbringing,

01:39:21.120 --> 01:39:23.975 position:20%
a separate room for them.

01:39:23.999 --> 01:39:28.816
Islam wants quality,
not quantity.

01:39:28.840 --> 01:39:31.816
Quality for the child
and the society.

01:39:31.840 --> 01:39:35.040
♪♪

01:39:39.000 --> 01:39:44.976
(Zubaida)
When we initially started
the family planning program,

01:39:45.000 --> 01:39:50.999
a lot of people
did not respond to it.

01:39:52.680 --> 01:39:56.456
So, at first we were
very disappointed.

01:39:56.480 --> 01:40:00.136
I wanted to quit because
they did not accept
what we were saying

01:40:00.160 --> 01:40:04.016
despite our constant efforts
to reason with them

01:40:04.040 --> 01:40:06.975 position:20%
and make them understand.

01:40:06.999 --> 01:40:13.056
Then I said try, try again
and kept on trying.

01:40:13.080 --> 01:40:17.975 position:20%
I asked them
to take care of themselves

01:40:17.999 --> 01:40:21.776
and explained that having fewer
kids would help them

01:40:21.800 --> 01:40:24.896
as it would lead to
a happy household.

01:40:24.920 --> 01:40:29.975
That was the project then,
fewer kids, happier household.

01:40:29.999 --> 01:40:31.360
(chuckling)

01:40:33.720 --> 01:40:35.360
(knocking)

01:40:41.120 --> 01:40:45.816
This woman who I am visiting,
her name is Kauser.

01:40:45.840 --> 01:40:50.536
She has three sons
and she says she wants more.

01:40:50.560 --> 01:40:54.616
Her mother-in-law is saying that
they want more children.

01:40:54.640 --> 01:40:55.975
- I want six children.

01:40:55.999 --> 01:40:59.016
(laughing)

01:40:59.040 --> 01:41:03.760
- She uses condoms
and has three children.

01:41:04.440 --> 01:41:06.896
She didn\'t use condoms before.

01:41:06.920 --> 01:41:09.776
Her eldest son
was only ten months

01:41:09.800 --> 01:41:10.816
when she had her second son.

01:41:10.840 --> 01:41:15.975
I advised her to use them
so that her children
grow up a little

01:41:15.999 --> 01:41:18.936
before she has another child.

01:41:18.960 --> 01:41:21.576
Now her son
is two years old

01:41:21.600 --> 01:41:24.576
and she\'s still using
contraceptives.

01:41:24.600 --> 01:41:30.816 position:20%
So I\'ve advised now that
her son is two years old,

01:41:30.840 --> 01:41:35.520
she can plan to have a baby
if she wants to.

01:41:35.680 --> 01:41:41.536
So gradually,
after a little while,

01:41:41.560 --> 01:41:46.680 position:20%
people started to accept
and come over on our side.

01:41:52.760 --> 01:41:55.360 position:20%
(speaking foreign language)

01:42:06.000 --> 01:42:08.800 position:20%
(speaking foreign language)

01:42:13.840 --> 01:42:20.496
We go to these women and ask
them if they have any ailments,

01:42:20.520 --> 01:42:29.376 position:20%
and also the kind of
contraceptive they are
willing to use or can use.

01:42:29.400 --> 01:42:32.016
We give them our recommendations

01:42:32.040 --> 01:42:35.056 position:20%
and they chose the ones
they are comfortable with.

01:42:35.080 --> 01:42:37.896
Those who don\'t agree
with contraceptives,

01:42:37.920 --> 01:42:44.696
we let them be because it\'s
possible that gradually,

01:42:44.720 --> 01:42:46.896
if we persevere,
they might see us

01:42:46.920 --> 01:42:49.856
in a good light
and accept our message.

01:42:49.880 --> 01:42:55.416
- Now that we have better
scientifically proven methods,

01:42:55.440 --> 01:42:58.975
the condom, the coil,
and others,

01:42:58.999 --> 01:43:02.376
even those,
Islam does not prohibit.

01:43:02.400 --> 01:43:04.056
This is to be determined between

01:43:04.080 --> 01:43:06.416
the husband and wife
as a personal matter.

01:43:06.440 --> 01:43:09.816
Whether they use
traditional methods
or modern scientific methods,

01:43:09.840 --> 01:43:11.760 position:20%
Islam does not interfere.

01:43:14.760 --> 01:43:17.736
(Musimbi Kanyoro)
Family planning
is both about spacing,

01:43:17.760 --> 01:43:19.656
but it\'s also about the support

01:43:19.680 --> 01:43:23.296 line:20%
and the well-being of the
outcomes of pregnancies,

01:43:23.320 --> 01:43:24.896 line:20%
meaning the outcomes
of children.

01:43:24.920 --> 01:43:25.975 position:20% line:20%
The health of the children.

01:43:25.999 --> 01:43:28.936
The health of whole families
and the health of societies.

01:43:28.960 --> 01:43:31.975
So, all of those challenges are
very much intertwined

01:43:31.999 --> 01:43:33.736
and tied together.

01:43:33.760 --> 01:43:36.816
They cannot be separated
one from the other.

01:43:36.840 --> 01:43:39.080
(chatter)

01:43:48.440 --> 01:43:53.616
- You know,
Mercy is my first-born girl.

01:43:53.640 --> 01:43:58.296
She seems like she\'s younger,

01:43:58.320 --> 01:44:03.976
but... we love each other
very much.

01:44:04.000 --> 01:44:08.040
If something is wrong,
we tell each other.

01:44:11.800 --> 01:44:15.680
We are very close.

01:44:16.760 --> 01:44:21.296
(Mercy)
My first year after I finished
my primary school,

01:44:21.320 --> 01:44:23.656 position:20%
I joined a boarding school.

01:44:23.680 --> 01:44:24.576
But unfortunately,

01:44:24.600 --> 01:44:28.656 line:20%
I got pregnant
when I was in term two.

01:44:28.680 --> 01:44:30.136
So, I had to drop out.

01:44:30.160 --> 01:44:33.560
- When Mercy got pregnant...

01:44:35.999 --> 01:44:39.856
...it was really hard.

01:44:39.880 --> 01:44:44.975
Because she had
a sponsor

01:44:44.999 --> 01:44:54.680
and she went to school only two
terms and got pregnant.

01:44:54.840 --> 01:44:57.656
(Mercy)
I never expected
that I can be pregnant.

01:44:57.680 --> 01:45:00.696
It\'s not only me but also
the community.

01:45:00.720 --> 01:45:03.975 position:20%
Yeah, because I was like
a role model in my family.

01:45:03.999 --> 01:45:07.296
So, it was a big blow,
especially to my mother.

01:45:07.320 --> 01:45:11.975
- Before I laid
my hands on her

01:45:11.999 --> 01:45:19.936
she told me she was pregnant.

01:45:19.960 --> 01:45:23.760
And I just fainted
there and then.

01:45:30.760 --> 01:45:42.840
I told the sponsors and they
told me I\'ll be paying for her.

01:45:43.999 --> 01:45:45.975
- Unh-unh!

01:45:45.999 --> 01:45:48.096
(Mercy)
Most of the time in our church,

01:45:48.120 --> 01:45:50.296
they don\'t talk about
family planning.

01:45:50.320 --> 01:45:52.856
they tell us that
you should have self-control

01:45:52.880 --> 01:45:56.216
because that is something that
God has given to us.

01:45:56.240 --> 01:45:58.056
So, they believe
that it is possible

01:45:58.080 --> 01:45:59.536
for somebody to abstain.

01:45:59.560 --> 01:46:02.816
So, there is no need
for planning.

01:46:02.840 --> 01:46:06.975 position:20%
In realistic life,
I don\'t think that is good

01:46:06.999 --> 01:46:09.176
because in Kibera now...

01:46:09.200 --> 01:46:10.736
that cannot apply.

01:46:10.760 --> 01:46:12.975
That issue of self,
self-control,

01:46:12.999 --> 01:46:15.656
because there is a lot
of peer pressure, uh...

01:46:15.680 --> 01:46:20.016
There is a lot of, uh...

01:46:20.040 --> 01:46:20.736
temptations.

01:46:20.760 --> 01:46:25.280
So, you can, you can find
yourself in that trap.

01:46:28.800 --> 01:46:33.256
(Musimbi)
There are areas where family
planning choices

01:46:33.280 --> 01:46:34.656
might be available,

01:46:34.680 --> 01:46:38.136
but the cultures
in which women live

01:46:38.160 --> 01:46:40.616
do not allow women
to access them.

01:46:40.640 --> 01:46:44.096
Some women need permission
from their husbands,

01:46:44.120 --> 01:46:44.896
from their partners,

01:46:44.920 --> 01:46:47.975
in order to be able to use any
family planning.

01:46:47.999 --> 01:46:50.296 line:20%
- 99% of here,

01:46:50.320 --> 01:46:54.536 line:20%
mothers would prefer
to use the injections because

01:46:54.560 --> 01:46:57.336
they feel the injection
is a bit more private.

01:46:57.360 --> 01:47:01.576
Most of the spouses won\'t know
that she\'s using it.

01:47:01.600 --> 01:47:05.376
(Nafis Sadik)
The question of fertility and
control by women over their own

01:47:05.400 --> 01:47:08.296
reproductive health and matters
is something

01:47:08.320 --> 01:47:10.936 line:20%
that goes
very much against the,

01:47:10.960 --> 01:47:14.975 position:20% line:20%
the natural, um, instincts
of many of our societies.

01:47:14.999 --> 01:47:18.975
And no woman that I know of
wants to be serially pregnant.

01:47:18.999 --> 01:47:21.336
I mean, you know, every nine
months have a baby.

01:47:21.360 --> 01:47:23.856
- The use of modern
family planning

01:47:23.880 --> 01:47:26.176
should be
the choice of women.

01:47:26.200 --> 01:47:27.896
That\'s what\'s being discussed

01:47:27.920 --> 01:47:29.176 position:20%
with the
Reproductive Health Bill.

01:47:29.200 --> 01:47:32.616
Is this the solution
for our population?

01:47:32.640 --> 01:47:38.456 position:20%
(newswoman)
Reproductive health
is a top issue for women.

01:47:38.480 --> 01:47:41.136
According to data from
the Center for Women\'s Health,

01:47:41.160 --> 01:47:46.096 position:20%
11 to 14 Filipino women
die in childbirth each day

01:47:46.120 --> 01:47:47.696
from complications.

01:47:47.720 --> 01:47:50.176
This wouldn\'t happen
if women had easy access

01:47:50.200 --> 01:47:50.975 position:20%
to family planning methods.

01:47:50.999 --> 01:47:53.856
(newsman)
Filipinos are in favor of
the Reproductive Health Bill.

01:47:53.880 --> 01:47:56.776
(newsman)
This is supposed to be the
answer to the increasing

01:47:56.800 --> 01:47:59.376
population contributing
to our poverty problems.

01:47:59.400 --> 01:48:02.256
But some oppose it because
it promotes the use

01:48:02.280 --> 01:48:03.975
of artificial contraceptives.

01:48:03.999 --> 01:48:08.256 position:20%
(Carlos)
Overpopulation and high abortion
rate and maternal deaths.

01:48:08.280 --> 01:48:10.976
This is not the new bill.
These are not new problems.

01:48:11.000 --> 01:48:11.975
For the last 16 years,

01:48:11.999 --> 01:48:15.440
people like you have been
shooting this down in Congress.

01:48:15.640 --> 01:48:18.736
- The Philippines recently had
a Reproductive Health Bill.

01:48:18.760 --> 01:48:21.296
(Carlos)
The Reproductive Health Bill
levels the playing field

01:48:21.320 --> 01:48:24.736
between the rich and the poor
by providing free contraceptives

01:48:24.760 --> 01:48:26.096
for people
who cannot afford them.

01:48:26.120 --> 01:48:30.776 position:20%
(newswoman)
- President Aquino
supports informed choice.

01:48:30.800 --> 01:48:32.536
And it\'s up to the individual
to decide

01:48:32.560 --> 01:48:34.976
what type
of family planning to practice.

01:48:35.000 --> 01:48:37.416
- There was great consensus
among the politicians

01:48:37.440 --> 01:48:40.216 line:20%
that, you know, the poverty
that\'s there in the Philippines,

01:48:40.240 --> 01:48:43.216 position:20% line:20%
giving people access to
voluntary family planning,

01:48:43.240 --> 01:48:45.736
that someone can actually
go in and get a pill,

01:48:45.760 --> 01:48:48.536
they can go in and get a condom
that they need.

01:48:48.560 --> 01:48:49.896
Politicians had
a consensus about it.

01:48:49.920 --> 01:48:52.656
That consensus was broken
in a matter of months

01:48:52.680 --> 01:48:54.616
by the Catholic bishops
in the Philippines.

01:48:54.640 --> 01:48:57.975
(newsman)
It\'s possible that President
Aquino will be excommunicated

01:48:57.999 --> 01:49:00.256
from the Catholic Church

01:49:00.280 --> 01:49:02.975
if the government
follows through

01:49:02.999 --> 01:49:04.975
with providing contraceptives.

01:49:04.999 --> 01:49:05.975
- This is not a fight between

01:49:05.999 --> 01:49:08.776
the Catholic Church
and the government.

01:49:08.800 --> 01:49:12.016
We are trying to protect
Filipino values.

01:49:12.040 --> 01:49:14.216
The church is speaking for you.

01:49:14.240 --> 01:49:16.976
But, in the end,
if we have a society

01:49:17.000 --> 01:49:18.656
that promotes contraception,

01:49:18.680 --> 01:49:23.656
it will destroy the Filipinos
and the values they uphold.

01:49:23.680 --> 01:49:29.975
- 63% of married women
want family planning,

01:49:29.999 --> 01:49:33.816 position:20%
but they can\'t have it because
they are underprivileged.

01:49:33.840 --> 01:49:39.376
In the end, this is about
women\'s health.

01:49:39.400 --> 01:49:43.975
No matter what
men or priests say,

01:49:43.999 --> 01:49:46.576
the life at stake here is ours.

01:49:46.600 --> 01:49:49.096
The availability
of family planning

01:49:49.120 --> 01:49:52.856
is not equal to access to it.

01:49:52.880 --> 01:49:58.975
It\'s been proven internationally
that the benefits

01:49:58.999 --> 01:50:05.056
of family planning decreases
mortality by 35%

01:50:05.080 --> 01:50:08.776 position:20%
and decreases
abortion incidents by 85%.

01:50:08.800 --> 01:50:11.296
- It\'s not like contraceptives
aren\'t sold in the Philippines.

01:50:11.320 --> 01:50:14.096 position:20%
Contraceptives are readily
available in drug stores.

01:50:14.120 --> 01:50:15.776
But only for people
who have money.

01:50:15.800 --> 01:50:17.975
But if you\'re from
one of the 50% of the people

01:50:17.999 --> 01:50:21.296
in the Philippines, in Manila
who can\'t afford it, uh,

01:50:21.320 --> 01:50:23.856
I\'d rather buy a kilo of rice
than buy a condom.

01:50:23.880 --> 01:50:27.056
This is the marginalized voices
that I\'m talking about.

01:50:27.080 --> 01:50:28.776
These are the people
who really need

01:50:28.800 --> 01:50:29.975
the Reproductive Health Bill.

01:50:29.999 --> 01:50:32.096
(people chatting)

01:50:32.120 --> 01:50:35.520
♪♪

01:50:44.240 --> 01:50:47.975
Any law that has to address
the needs of family planning

01:50:47.999 --> 01:50:50.136
has been consistently killed by

01:50:50.160 --> 01:50:52.975
the Catholic Church
of the Philippines.

01:50:52.999 --> 01:50:55.336
- No to RH Bill!

01:50:55.360 --> 01:50:58.760
♪♪

01:50:59.960 --> 01:51:03.240 line:20%
♪♪

01:51:06.520 --> 01:51:09.080 position:20%
(people praying in unison)

01:51:17.440 --> 01:51:21.096 line:20%
-Are we ready to fight?
- Yeah!

01:51:21.120 --> 01:51:23.975
-Are we ready to fight?
- Yeah!

01:51:23.999 --> 01:51:27.536 line:20%
-Can we break down the walls?
- Yeah!

01:51:27.560 --> 01:51:32.975 line:20%
-RH Bill...
- In-the-trash!

01:51:32.999 --> 01:51:37.656
(Michelle)
A substantial part
of the huge growth that you saw

01:51:37.680 --> 01:51:40.336
in East Asian economies
in the \'70s and \'80s

01:51:40.360 --> 01:51:42.736
was attributable
to the fact that they

01:51:42.760 --> 01:51:45.496 line:20%
really enthusiastically
and passionately adopted

01:51:45.520 --> 01:51:48.896 line:20%
and sometimes
coercively adopted

01:51:48.920 --> 01:51:49.616 position:20% line:20%
family planning programs.

01:51:49.640 --> 01:51:52.975
The only country that didn\'t see
that kind of growth

01:51:52.999 --> 01:51:55.440
was the Philippines.

01:51:55.600 --> 01:52:01.975
- During the ecumenical service
yesterday at Manila Cathedral,

01:52:01.999 --> 01:52:06.336
all of a sudden, tour guide
Carlos Celdran went up

01:52:06.360 --> 01:52:09.136
to the altar wearing a hat
and suit to resemble Jose Rizal,

01:52:09.160 --> 01:52:12.896
holding up a banner
that said \"Damaso\"

01:52:12.920 --> 01:52:15.576 position:20%
to the religious leaders.

01:52:15.600 --> 01:52:17.536
- If you read our national hero
Jose Rizal\'s novel

01:52:17.560 --> 01:52:19.975
\"Noli Me Tángere,\"
there\'s one character in there

01:52:19.999 --> 01:52:23.736
named Father Damaso, who\'s the
epitome of church abuse.

01:52:23.760 --> 01:52:26.576
So, I dressed up
as Jose Rizal....
(laughing)

01:52:26.600 --> 01:52:28.016
went to the church
with a big placard

01:52:28.040 --> 01:52:31.256
and I flung the word \"Damaso\"
right into their face.

01:52:31.280 --> 01:52:35.856
I appeal for the bishops to stop
getting involved in politics.

01:52:35.880 --> 01:52:39.736
Stop getting involved
in politics!

01:52:39.760 --> 01:52:41.336
And apparently,
they got the metaphor.

01:52:41.360 --> 01:52:42.816
They got exactly what I was
talking about.

01:52:42.840 --> 01:52:46.336 position:20%
They knew the references,
and they threw me in jail.

01:52:46.360 --> 01:52:48.975
- Minutes later,
Celdran was arrested

01:52:48.999 --> 01:52:51.696
and he was brought
to the precinct.

01:52:51.720 --> 01:52:52.975
- I was just
supposed to go there

01:52:52.999 --> 01:52:54.736
and do the protest outside
of the church.

01:52:54.760 --> 01:52:56.975
I thought there was gonna be
a rally outside the church.

01:52:56.999 --> 01:52:58.616
Frankly, I just wanted
to get a picture

01:52:58.640 --> 01:53:00.576
just so I could
put on my Facebook profile pic.

01:53:00.600 --> 01:53:03.536 position:20%
- Intramuros tour guide
Carlos Celdran was charged

01:53:03.560 --> 01:53:07.416 position:20%
under article 133
of the revised penal code

01:53:07.440 --> 01:53:10.056
that forbids interference
with religious activity.

01:53:10.080 --> 01:53:14.616
There are many
who support Celdran
on social networking sites.

01:53:14.640 --> 01:53:17.536 position:20%
He has almost
12,000 Facebook followers,

01:53:17.560 --> 01:53:22.776
as well as many followers
on Twitter.

01:53:22.800 --> 01:53:25.816
- It\'s kind of strange that I\'ve
become this sort of poster boy

01:53:25.840 --> 01:53:27.936
for reproductive health
when I\'m not a woman

01:53:27.960 --> 01:53:29.096 position:20%
and I don\'t get pregnant.

01:53:29.120 --> 01:53:31.256
So, it\'s a little bit bizarre.

01:53:31.280 --> 01:53:34.976
I was in jail overnight,
under an anti-blasphemy law

01:53:35.000 --> 01:53:35.975
that was from the 19th century,

01:53:35.999 --> 01:53:38.976
that I think we forgot
to take out of our penal code.

01:53:39.000 --> 01:53:40.416
And, uh...

01:53:40.440 --> 01:53:43.136
And right now,
we\'re still in court.

01:53:43.160 --> 01:53:46.160
I could be looking at
six years in jail.

01:53:48.680 --> 01:53:51.999 line:20%
♪♪

01:53:58.320 --> 01:54:01.975
(Maude)
If you live in a city
and you are wealthy

01:54:01.999 --> 01:54:03.136
and you drive a couple of cars,

01:54:03.160 --> 01:54:06.016 position:20%
and you have lots of
expensive clothes and toys

01:54:06.040 --> 01:54:08.536
and computers and stuff,
your water footprint

01:54:08.560 --> 01:54:12.456
is vastly larger than that
person who lives on the land,

01:54:12.480 --> 01:54:19.576
who lives basically the way
their ancestors did.

01:54:19.600 --> 01:54:21.975
Mexico City has had to
confiscate water

01:54:21.999 --> 01:54:28.176
from many many miles,
kilometers outside of the city,

01:54:28.200 --> 01:54:29.896
and it\'s creating
great divisions

01:54:29.920 --> 01:54:34.056
among the indigenous peoples
there.

01:54:34.080 --> 01:54:38.336
- From here to over there,
is a 45-minute walk

01:54:38.360 --> 01:54:39.975
to the potable
water treatment plant

01:54:39.999 --> 01:54:43.896
of the Commission
of the Valley of Mexico.

01:54:43.920 --> 01:54:47.616
We are 35 households that live
here in this area.

01:54:47.640 --> 01:54:51.496
The Cutzamala water tanks
are here

01:54:51.520 --> 01:54:59.936
so why is the water
not reaching us?

01:54:59.960 --> 01:55:03.616 position:20%
(man)
- The Cutzamala system
was conceived in the \'70s

01:55:03.640 --> 01:55:06.296
during a very harsh drought.

01:55:06.320 --> 01:55:10.096
And for that,
we built our first transfer

01:55:10.120 --> 01:55:15.336
from watershed to watershed
for massive urban use.

01:55:15.360 --> 01:55:16.976
This is a system that provides

01:55:17.000 --> 01:55:20.975
almost 30% of the water
in Mexico City.

01:55:20.999 --> 01:55:22.016
It\'s one of the largest

01:55:22.040 --> 01:55:27.816
and most important aqueducts
in the world.

01:55:27.840 --> 01:55:29.336 line:20%
We pump more than

01:55:29.360 --> 01:55:33.975 line:20%
1,200 meters the water
from another watershed.

01:55:33.999 --> 01:55:39.256
(rooster crowing)

01:55:39.280 --> 01:55:46.096
- Look, it has nothing.
It\'s dry.

01:55:46.120 --> 01:55:49.016 position:20%
This is the tap
from the Cutzamala system

01:55:49.040 --> 01:55:53.496
but there\'s no water.

01:55:53.520 --> 01:55:56.776
The water goes to Mexico City,

01:55:56.800 --> 01:55:58.975
Toluca, all those places
that are far away.

01:55:58.999 --> 01:56:07.856
And for us who are closer,
we don\'t have water.

01:56:07.880 --> 01:56:09.936
- It\'s wrong that they
don\'t want to give us water

01:56:09.960 --> 01:56:18.975
when they are sending
19,000 liters per second
to Mexico City.

01:56:18.999 --> 01:56:22.256
- It worries us.
Yes, we are worried about water

01:56:22.280 --> 01:56:27.296 position:20%
because we go not one day
or two days without water,

01:56:27.320 --> 01:56:30.975 position:20%
but a full week sometimes,

01:56:30.999 --> 01:56:36.216 position:20%
even one month,
two months without water.

01:56:36.240 --> 01:56:38.976
So we need to look
and find water

01:56:39.000 --> 01:56:42.975
to clean the dishes, the food.

01:56:42.999 --> 01:56:46.376
And the population grows
more and more.

01:56:46.400 --> 01:56:56.960
There are more families,
so one day maybe it\'ll
dry up altogether.

01:56:59.280 --> 01:57:02.696
♪♪

01:57:02.720 --> 01:57:07.096
- We no longer
have any fish.

01:57:07.120 --> 01:57:10.536
Before, we lived off that fish.

01:57:10.560 --> 01:57:11.975
We had good fish.

01:57:11.999 --> 01:57:16.496
Sometimes we had work,
other times we didn\'t,

01:57:16.520 --> 01:57:18.975
but we\'d grab a fish hook
and go fishing.

01:57:18.999 --> 01:57:22.496
Now we can\'t do that because
the National Commission of Water

01:57:22.520 --> 01:57:25.936
is destroying all this.

01:57:25.960 --> 01:57:28.136 position:20%
It\'s the chlorine they add.

01:57:28.160 --> 01:57:29.296
Now we don\'t have the resources.

01:57:29.320 --> 01:57:35.720 position:20%
No fish, no crayfish, no frogs,
we don\'t have any of that.

01:57:36.880 --> 01:57:39.975
(woman)
- My husband works at
the Commission of Water

01:57:39.999 --> 01:57:41.975
of the Valley of Mexico.

01:57:41.999 --> 01:57:45.760
But he can\'t do anything
to bring the water here.

01:57:51.160 --> 01:57:53.656
(Fernando)
- We do have conflicts
right now.

01:57:53.680 --> 01:57:57.616
Water use in this valley
is very valuable.

01:57:57.640 --> 01:58:01.216
The forest
and in the irrigation systems,

01:58:01.240 --> 01:58:04.536
there are conflicts for water
every day.

01:58:04.560 --> 01:58:08.616 position:20%
We haven\'t yet
come into a position where

01:58:08.640 --> 01:58:11.975 position:20%
the peasants
or the agriculture sector

01:58:11.999 --> 01:58:13.296
comes into the city

01:58:13.320 --> 01:58:15.975
to have a conflict
with urban users

01:58:15.999 --> 01:58:18.136
but we\'re very close to that.

01:58:18.160 --> 01:58:21.456
(Elena)
If we don\'t learn
that we have to live within

01:58:21.480 --> 01:58:26.776
nature\'s boundaries,
we\'re going to run out.

01:58:26.800 --> 01:58:27.896
Will it be mass deaths

01:58:27.920 --> 01:58:30.496
of certain people
but not other people?

01:58:30.520 --> 01:58:31.376
Is that what we\'re going to?

01:58:31.400 --> 01:58:33.176 position:20%
A world in which,
if you\'re wealthy enough,

01:58:33.200 --> 01:58:36.616 position:20%
you can buy your way out of
the crisis that\'s coming?

01:58:36.640 --> 01:58:39.999 position:20%
I mean, to some extent,
that\'s already happening.

01:58:40.999 --> 01:58:48.456
(chickens clucking)

01:58:48.480 --> 01:58:51.880 line:20%
♪♪

01:58:54.800 --> 01:58:56.136
(woman)
- Let\'s pray.

01:58:56.160 --> 01:58:58.975
Dear God, please let your
priests forgive Carlos.

01:58:58.999 --> 01:59:01.616
I\'m sure God
has forgiven you, actually.

01:59:01.640 --> 01:59:03.536
It\'s the priests
who are unforgiving.

01:59:03.560 --> 01:59:03.975
- (scoffs)

01:59:03.999 --> 01:59:06.056 position:20%
No, the priest\'s aren\'t.
It\'s the fucking bishops.

01:59:06.080 --> 01:59:08.216
- Yeah, the bishops.
- The big dogs.

01:59:08.240 --> 01:59:09.416
- They\'re priests too, right?

01:59:09.440 --> 01:59:10.016
- Priests are all right.

01:59:10.040 --> 01:59:11.975
Like, priests like (indistinct),
they\'re on the street.

01:59:11.999 --> 01:59:14.280 position:20%
They know what\'s going on.

01:59:18.520 --> 01:59:21.880
It\'s just those
bloody cardinals.

01:59:27.720 --> 01:59:30.616
- Are we turning right, brother?

01:59:30.640 --> 01:59:32.776
- Yes, right.

01:59:32.800 --> 01:59:34.256
- Left at Victoria?

01:59:34.280 --> 01:59:37.120 position:20%
- Yes, towards City Hall.

01:59:37.999 --> 01:59:40.296
- I thought your case
was over, brother.

01:59:40.320 --> 01:59:45.056
- Not yet.
The boxing match isn\'t over.

01:59:45.080 --> 01:59:46.816
- Damn.

01:59:46.840 --> 01:59:48.975
I recognized
you\'re Father Damaso.

01:59:48.999 --> 01:59:51.975
(both laughing)

01:59:51.999 --> 01:59:56.576
- I have a hearing again today.
We\'ll see...

01:59:56.600 --> 02:00:00.096
There are
more important cases than mine.

02:00:00.120 --> 02:00:01.975
- That\'s true.

02:00:01.999 --> 02:00:06.320
Well, you did go up against
the Church.

02:00:08.720 --> 02:00:09.336
♪♪

02:00:09.360 --> 02:00:12.576
(Michelle)
- In many parts of the world,
the Catholic Church has been

02:00:12.600 --> 02:00:18.176
the most consistent opponent
of artificial contraception.

02:00:18.200 --> 02:00:19.656 position:20%
- Bishops go to government

02:00:19.680 --> 02:00:22.496 line:20%
and try to lobby government
against the provision

02:00:22.520 --> 02:00:24.656 line:20%
of sexual and reproductive
health services.

02:00:24.680 --> 02:00:27.856
They believe that
each and every marriage act,

02:00:27.880 --> 02:00:29.136
each and every time
you have sex,

02:00:29.160 --> 02:00:32.736 position:20%
you must be open to
the transmission of life.

02:00:32.760 --> 02:00:33.536
- You know, it\'s interesting.

02:00:33.560 --> 02:00:37.376 position:20%
When the kind of overpopulation
became very much an issue

02:00:37.400 --> 02:00:39.975
in the \'50s and \'60s,
there was a moment when

02:00:39.999 --> 02:00:44.496
it seemed as if the Vatican was
going to reconsider its stance.

02:00:44.520 --> 02:00:46.936
There was
Papal Birth Control Commission,

02:00:46.960 --> 02:00:50.976
which met over several years
as part of the reforms

02:00:51.000 --> 02:00:52.336
that came about with Vatican II,

02:00:52.360 --> 02:00:56.376 position:20%
and they recommended that
the Church revise its ban

02:00:56.400 --> 02:00:58.736
on all forms of artificial
contraception.

02:00:58.760 --> 02:01:00.776
And it looked like
the Church was going to do it,

02:01:00.800 --> 02:01:03.096
but then kind of traditionalists
within the Church

02:01:03.120 --> 02:01:05.736
said this is going to
undermine our authority,

02:01:05.760 --> 02:01:09.496
it\'ll, it\'ll mean that the Pope
is not infallible.

02:01:09.520 --> 02:01:10.976
- Saint Peter\'s Square, Rome.

02:01:11.000 --> 02:01:13.416 line:20%
And in Vatican City,
a few yards from here,

02:01:13.440 --> 02:01:17.336 line:20%
Pope Paul\'s Encyclical Letter
to the Roman Catholic Church

02:01:17.360 --> 02:01:18.216
has just been released.

02:01:18.240 --> 02:01:21.736 position:20%
And with it, the hopes of those
who hoped for some change

02:01:21.760 --> 02:01:25.016
in the rigid attitude of
the Church towards birth control

02:01:25.040 --> 02:01:27.016 position:20%
have been finally smashed.

02:01:27.040 --> 02:01:29.296
What this Letter says
in 37 pages

02:01:29.320 --> 02:01:32.816
of closely reasoned and often
compassionate argument

02:01:32.840 --> 02:01:34.736
is that there is to be
no change.

02:01:34.760 --> 02:01:39.216
- Through the 1968
Papal Encyclical Humanae Vitae,

02:01:39.240 --> 02:01:41.880
the Church teaches us that...

02:01:48.800 --> 02:01:50.936
The Catholic bishops are
especially angry,

02:01:50.960 --> 02:01:53.536 position:20%
because paying for
contraceptives contradicts

02:01:53.560 --> 02:01:55.975
a belief
those bishops hold dear,

02:01:55.999 --> 02:01:58.016
that Catholics don\'t use
birth control,

02:01:58.040 --> 02:02:02.616
which isn\'t easy because
98% of Catholic women

02:02:02.640 --> 02:02:04.816
use birth control.

02:02:04.840 --> 02:02:06.336
- They\'ll go to
the United Nations.

02:02:06.360 --> 02:02:08.296
They\'ll go to
the European Parliament.

02:02:08.320 --> 02:02:10.816
They\'ll go to your government
in your country,

02:02:10.840 --> 02:02:14.016
and behind closed doors,
they\'ll say don\'t send condoms

02:02:14.040 --> 02:02:16.975
or don\'t give family planning
as part of development aid.

02:02:16.999 --> 02:02:20.416
Don\'t make reproductive health
services available.

02:02:20.440 --> 02:02:22.616
Keep abortion illegal.

02:02:22.640 --> 02:02:24.656
- Since the Vatican is a state,

02:02:24.680 --> 02:02:26.456
as well as
the seat of a religion,

02:02:26.480 --> 02:02:30.776
it\'s able to operate as a state
in these big UN conferences.

02:02:30.800 --> 02:02:33.976
And so, it became often
the locus of opposition

02:02:34.000 --> 02:02:38.320
to global agreements
on reproductive rights.

02:02:40.280 --> 02:02:46.816 line:20%
(woman on PA)
-This population action program
that puts the earth first.

02:02:46.840 --> 02:02:50.256
Implementing this program of
action will encourage safer,

02:02:50.280 --> 02:02:54.416 line:20%
more secure births by providing
information and service

02:02:54.440 --> 02:02:57.856
to enable women and men
to plan for pregnancy.

02:02:57.880 --> 02:03:01.176 position:20%
When I first started working
as a physician in the UN,

02:03:01.200 --> 02:03:05.136
if you went to a village in
India, Bangladesh or Nepal,

02:03:05.160 --> 02:03:07.056
if the woman knows
you\'re a doctor,

02:03:07.080 --> 02:03:09.296 line:20%
literally the first thing
they ask you is,

02:03:09.320 --> 02:03:12.975 line:20%
\"Oh, do you know of
any method that I can just take

02:03:12.999 --> 02:03:14.016
and prevent getting pregnant?\"

02:03:14.040 --> 02:03:19.176
It will empower women,
not with the power to fight,

02:03:19.200 --> 02:03:21.975
but with the power to decide.

02:03:21.999 --> 02:03:25.256
We just said that every
individual had the right

02:03:25.280 --> 02:03:28.496
to have the information
and to make the choice,

02:03:28.520 --> 02:03:30.975
but they needed to know about
all the methods,

02:03:30.999 --> 02:03:33.975
they needed to have access,
but the decision on

02:03:33.999 --> 02:03:36.975 position:20%
whether to marry,
whether to have children,

02:03:36.999 --> 02:03:40.696
when to have and how many
should be the individual\'s.

02:03:40.720 --> 02:03:43.576 line:20%
- It changed the whole paradigm,

02:03:43.600 --> 02:03:45.056 position:20% line:20%
is a word that one can use,

02:03:45.080 --> 02:03:47.896 line:20%
of how we look at the
population problem,

02:03:47.920 --> 02:03:51.975 position:20%
more as an individual
and family-centered thing.

02:03:51.999 --> 02:03:55.975
- It was kind of the pinnacle
of the movement to make

02:03:55.999 --> 02:03:59.896
reproductive rights, as opposed
to population control,

02:03:59.920 --> 02:04:03.096
a matter of global agreement.

02:04:03.120 --> 02:04:05.696
- During the Cairo
population conference,

02:04:05.720 --> 02:04:08.696 position:20%
in the draft there was
a paragraph talking about

02:04:08.720 --> 02:04:09.496
access to condoms.

02:04:09.520 --> 02:04:12.975 line:20%
The Vatican
objected to this paragraph.

02:04:12.999 --> 02:04:18.416
The cleric said \"I wish to
remind fellow delegates

02:04:18.440 --> 02:04:20.616
\"that the Roman Catholic Church

02:04:20.640 --> 02:04:22.376 position:20%
\"provides maybe two-thirds

02:04:22.400 --> 02:04:23.336 position:20%
\"of health care services,

02:04:23.360 --> 02:04:27.336
\"particularly at the hospital
level in sub-Saharan Africa,

02:04:27.360 --> 02:04:29.975
\"and we will have to give
very careful thought

02:04:29.999 --> 02:04:32.696
\"as to whether we continue
those services

02:04:32.720 --> 02:04:36.496
if this paragraph is agreed.\"

02:04:36.520 --> 02:04:39.296
(stuttering, scoffing)

02:04:39.320 --> 02:04:41.176
You know,
and again, the room,

02:04:41.200 --> 02:04:45.176
you could just see
that people literally--

02:04:45.200 --> 02:04:49.136
even I when I repeat that
comment, my mouth drops open.

02:04:49.160 --> 02:04:51.496
I mean, literally, people,
you could just see,

02:04:51.520 --> 02:04:54.696
they could not believe
that the Vatican

02:04:54.720 --> 02:04:58.975
would make that kind of threat.

02:04:58.999 --> 02:05:04.376
(Michelle)
John Paul II was unique
in his zeal and in the priority

02:05:04.400 --> 02:05:05.975
that he gave it,
so that, you know,

02:05:05.999 --> 02:05:08.776 position:20%
being against abortion
and against contraception

02:05:08.800 --> 02:05:11.296
and against what he called
a \"culture of death\"

02:05:11.320 --> 02:05:15.096
became in certain ways
the most important test

02:05:15.120 --> 02:05:17.016
of Catholic piety.

02:05:17.040 --> 02:05:19.975
At one point, in the run-up
to the Cairo conference,

02:05:19.999 --> 02:05:23.936
the Vatican sent emissaries
to Libya and to Iran,

02:05:23.960 --> 02:05:27.136
and so, going into Cairo,
you had this

02:05:27.160 --> 02:05:29.456
Vatican-Muslim alliance
against countries

02:05:29.480 --> 02:05:30.616 position:20%
from the rest of the world.

02:05:30.640 --> 02:05:32.336
- They had convinced
the Muslim governments

02:05:32.360 --> 02:05:36.016
that this was a conference
that would give women

02:05:36.040 --> 02:05:38.936
unlimited freedom
to have free love--

02:05:38.960 --> 02:05:42.336
I don\'t know what all, I mean,
the way they interpreted it.

02:05:42.360 --> 02:05:46.176
- It fell apart
because during the negotiations,

02:05:46.200 --> 02:05:48.496
a lot of the Muslim states
were willing to give way

02:05:48.520 --> 02:05:51.296
on some of the issues that the
Vatican wanted to hold fast on.

02:05:51.320 --> 02:05:55.856 position:20%
- They just left the Vatican
and joined the consensus,

02:05:55.880 --> 02:05:58.896
so the Vatican
was totally isolated.

02:05:58.920 --> 02:06:01.336 position:20%
- The two faiths have
very different theologies

02:06:01.360 --> 02:06:04.576
about reproduction and about
the beginning of life.

02:06:04.600 --> 02:06:06.975
You can get
the morning-after pill

02:06:06.999 --> 02:06:08.176
over the counter
in Saudi Arabia.

02:06:08.200 --> 02:06:12.136
There\'s no Muslim country
in the world that bans abortion

02:06:12.160 --> 02:06:16.376 position:20%
as strictly as say, you know,
Nicaragua or El Salvador.

02:06:16.400 --> 02:06:19.376
It just doesn\'t have
the same salience.

02:06:19.400 --> 02:06:21.999
(people chatting)

02:06:25.999 --> 02:06:29.240
♪♪

02:06:42.320 --> 02:06:43.936 line:20%
- The topic we were discussing

02:06:43.960 --> 02:06:46.936
is the perception
of family planning in Islam.

02:06:46.960 --> 02:06:50.216 position:20%
Islam being
a social welfare religion,

02:06:50.240 --> 02:06:56.376
in this society the basic unit
is the household.

02:06:56.400 --> 02:07:03.856
Within that, are the defined
responsibilities of the spouses.

02:07:03.880 --> 02:07:07.136
- What about family planning
for the unmarried?

02:07:07.160 --> 02:07:08.736
(students chuckle)

02:07:08.760 --> 02:07:11.496
- Are you asking
because you\'re not married?

02:07:11.520 --> 02:07:12.976
(students laugh)

02:07:13.000 --> 02:07:16.616
- The Imam himself
has planned his family.

02:07:16.640 --> 02:07:22.016
We ask him to speak to some
families who are resisting it.

02:07:22.040 --> 02:07:28.776
So, he helps out and tells them
that it is mentioned

02:07:28.800 --> 02:07:35.696
in The Quran that if
a mother gives birth to a child,

02:07:35.720 --> 02:07:38.376
she must wait at least two years

02:07:38.400 --> 02:07:43.656
so that she can breastfeed
her newborn.

02:07:43.680 --> 02:07:48.976
So he helps out
by speaking

02:07:49.000 --> 02:07:54.999 position:20%
face to face with people.

02:07:55.600 --> 02:07:58.056
- The position of family
planning in Islam

02:07:58.080 --> 02:08:01.536 position:20%
is found in the Quran
and in the Hadith
(the Prophet\'s teachings).

02:08:01.560 --> 02:08:04.816
The kind of values
that Islam teaches,

02:08:04.840 --> 02:08:07.896
shows how to live your life
according to the basic unit

02:08:07.920 --> 02:08:14.656 position:20%
of society, a family,
emphasizing its goodness.

02:08:14.680 --> 02:08:16.936
And for its betterment,
the couple needs

02:08:16.960 --> 02:08:20.816
to think together
and work on it.

02:08:20.840 --> 02:08:27.296
They need to plan
the expansion of the family

02:08:27.320 --> 02:08:32.016 position:20%
and fulfill everyday needs

02:08:32.040 --> 02:08:37.936
and to make sure our kids
lead a better fulfilled life.

02:08:37.960 --> 02:08:39.856
(cars honking)

02:08:39.880 --> 02:08:42.280
(people chatting)

02:08:46.320 --> 02:08:50.616
(Carlos)
- 70% of Filipinos want
the population management policy

02:08:50.640 --> 02:08:56.096
on the national level.

02:08:56.120 --> 02:08:57.975 position:20%
Right now, I think there\'s
actually a paradigm shift

02:08:57.999 --> 02:09:01.416
happening in the Philippines,
thanks to a younger population.

02:09:01.440 --> 02:09:05.136
The Catholic Church is holding
Filipino politicians hostage.

02:09:05.160 --> 02:09:07.975
They\'re not holding the Filipino
himself hostage.

02:09:07.999 --> 02:09:11.416
(man on TV)
-The miracle of life
begins at fertilization

02:09:11.440 --> 02:09:12.576
and I can explain to you

02:09:12.600 --> 02:09:15.456
that anything that hampers
fertilization--

02:09:15.480 --> 02:09:16.975
- They got a graph!

02:09:16.999 --> 02:09:18.656
They\'re breaking out a graph.

02:09:18.680 --> 02:09:20.416
It\'s not a graph.

02:09:20.440 --> 02:09:22.576
I think it\'s time
for the Philippines to get up

02:09:22.600 --> 02:09:25.975
and try a brand-new plan
because apparently,

02:09:25.999 --> 02:09:27.136 position:20%
people who don\'t have sex

02:09:27.160 --> 02:09:29.856
shouldn\'t be telling us
how to have it.

02:09:29.880 --> 02:09:32.480
(seagulls crying throughout)

02:09:46.999 --> 02:09:49.816
- These are my photographs
of Midway Island

02:09:49.840 --> 02:09:51.856
in the middle
of the Pacific Ocean.

02:09:51.880 --> 02:09:55.376
And it\'s a place where
this stunningly symbolic

02:09:55.400 --> 02:09:57.696
environmental tragedy
is happening,

02:09:57.720 --> 02:09:59.975
of tens of thousands
of albatrosses

02:09:59.999 --> 02:10:01.976
whose bodies are
filled up with plastic.

02:10:02.000 --> 02:10:06.360
Plastic cigarette lighters
and bottle caps.

02:10:08.520 --> 02:10:10.536
One of the most common reactions
to these photographs

02:10:10.560 --> 02:10:14.400
is people think I put
the plastic inside the birds.

02:10:14.880 --> 02:10:17.975
I think it\'s just so shocking
to see images like this

02:10:17.999 --> 02:10:18.576
from such a remote place

02:10:18.600 --> 02:10:22.256 position:20%
that people naturally suspect
they\'ve been manipulated.

02:10:22.280 --> 02:10:26.096
But I didn\'t move or arrange
or add a single piece of plastic

02:10:26.120 --> 02:10:29.656
in any of the photographs that
I\'ve taken out there.

02:10:29.680 --> 02:10:32.016
This is the actual
stomach contents of dead birds

02:10:32.040 --> 02:10:36.975
on one of the most remote
islands on our planet.

02:10:36.999 --> 02:10:38.856
And of all the places
it could be happening,

02:10:38.880 --> 02:10:40.975
it\'s happening
on an island called Midway.

02:10:40.999 --> 02:10:43.936
I mean, what more evocative term
could there be

02:10:43.960 --> 02:10:47.576
for the place that humanity
finds itself right now?

02:10:47.600 --> 02:10:50.975
We\'re caught between
the mistakes of our past

02:10:50.999 --> 02:10:54.975
and these apocalyptic forecasts
we\'re hearing about our future.

02:10:54.999 --> 02:10:55.896 position:20%
We\'re at this midway place.

02:10:55.920 --> 02:10:57.576
We\'re going through
the eye of the needle.

02:10:57.600 --> 02:10:59.975
And now\'s the time to make
wise choices.

02:10:59.999 --> 02:11:02.975
On one hand,
I think each one of us

02:11:02.999 --> 02:11:07.096
rightfully feels really,
really small.

02:11:07.120 --> 02:11:09.496
One out of seven billion people.

02:11:09.520 --> 02:11:12.975
And on another hand,
we all know that one person

02:11:12.999 --> 02:11:14.840
can make a difference.

02:11:19.200 --> 02:11:21.616
(people talking
in foreign language)

02:11:21.640 --> 02:11:27.016
- In this village
where I have been assigned,

02:11:27.040 --> 02:11:32.736
I serve a population
of 1,205 people.

02:11:32.760 --> 02:11:37.776
183 houses.

02:11:37.800 --> 02:11:40.080
(women talking)

02:11:40.999 --> 02:11:43.975 position:20%
There are 34 condom users.

02:11:43.999 --> 02:11:47.976
Four who use pills,
including myself,

02:11:48.000 --> 02:11:53.496
three users of IUDs,

02:11:53.520 --> 02:11:58.536
and seven users of injections.

02:11:58.560 --> 02:12:02.296
- How long have you been
using condoms?

02:12:02.320 --> 02:12:04.816
- Five or six years.

02:12:04.840 --> 02:12:06.976
- Does your husband
have any problem

02:12:07.000 --> 02:12:09.975 position:20%
with using family planning?

02:12:09.999 --> 02:12:14.975
- No, no.
- No problem at all.

02:12:14.999 --> 02:12:15.656
(doorbell buzzing)

02:12:15.680 --> 02:12:19.736 position:20%
There are more than
80,000 Lady Health Workers

02:12:19.760 --> 02:12:21.776
working in Pakistan.

02:12:21.800 --> 02:12:24.896
And the Government\'s aim
is to bring this number

02:12:24.920 --> 02:12:27.975
to above 100,000.

02:12:27.999 --> 02:12:31.975
The Government is focusing fully
on this aspect

02:12:31.999 --> 02:12:35.216
because they feel that
Lady Health Workers

02:12:35.240 --> 02:12:37.936
are the backbone
for the improvement

02:12:37.960 --> 02:12:40.720
of health problems
in this country.

02:12:43.999 --> 02:12:45.176
(man)
-We as Kibera Hamlets,

02:12:45.200 --> 02:12:52.256
our work is to entertain
the society through arts.

02:12:52.280 --> 02:12:56.999
This is our guest of honor.

02:13:03.160 --> 02:13:05.640
(music playing)

02:13:09.880 --> 02:13:14.816
-Today, we will discuss
family planning.

02:13:14.840 --> 02:13:16.576
-I am here to know more about

02:13:16.600 --> 02:13:20.656
family planning
and its importance.

02:13:20.680 --> 02:13:26.056
We need to control our birth
rate to have a better life.

02:13:26.080 --> 02:13:28.999
(man speaking
in foreign language)

02:13:30.760 --> 02:13:41.296
-I have seen that there is no
proper family planning.

02:13:41.320 --> 02:13:45.976 line:20%
- There are over 200 million
women globally

02:13:46.000 --> 02:13:48.016 line:20%
that do want to family plan.

02:13:48.040 --> 02:13:52.056
They do want to do something
about their pregnancies.

02:13:52.080 --> 02:13:53.975
But they are not able to do it.

02:13:53.999 --> 02:13:55.856
They are not
using any contraception

02:13:55.880 --> 02:13:59.936 position:20%
because those contraception
are not available to them.

02:13:59.960 --> 02:14:01.975
-I don\'t understand this.

02:14:01.999 --> 02:14:05.456
How can you give me 20 Ksh
to feed five children?

02:14:05.480 --> 02:14:09.000
And still,
he wants another child!

02:14:09.920 --> 02:14:12.656
- I already had six children

02:14:12.680 --> 02:14:17.136
by the time I heard about
family planning.

02:14:17.160 --> 02:14:19.840
(indistinct shouting)

02:14:20.999 --> 02:14:29.136
-Family planning is development
and it\'s future planning.

02:14:29.160 --> 02:14:35.056
If you are here
and want to see our doctors

02:14:35.080 --> 02:14:36.376
about family planning,
you are welcome to.

02:14:36.400 --> 02:14:40.376
Get to know which planning
method is best for you.

02:14:40.400 --> 02:14:47.856
Whether it\'s a coil,
pills or the tablet.

02:14:47.880 --> 02:14:48.975
-Yes, yes!

02:14:48.999 --> 02:14:52.056
They say that God
gives us kids,

02:14:52.080 --> 02:14:54.400
but we still need to plan.

02:14:55.360 --> 02:14:56.456 position:20%
- I\'m using family planning

02:14:56.480 --> 02:14:59.096
because I don\'t want to live
in this situation again.

02:14:59.120 --> 02:15:02.256
I don\'t want to be ignorant
because you never know.

02:15:02.280 --> 02:15:05.256
(laughing)
Something might happen anytime.

02:15:05.280 --> 02:15:07.896 position:20%
So you need to be prepared.

02:15:07.920 --> 02:15:10.816
\"A\" for apple.

02:15:10.840 --> 02:15:13.576
\"B\" for boy.

02:15:13.600 --> 02:15:14.136
\"C\" for cat.

02:15:14.160 --> 02:15:16.936
For my child Laura,
when I see my child reaching

02:15:16.960 --> 02:15:20.696
at least adolescent stage,
I will encourage her

02:15:20.720 --> 02:15:23.816
that she can take
family planning.

02:15:23.840 --> 02:15:25.080
Yeah.

02:15:26.680 --> 02:15:30.576
I have to finish my education,
and at least get a good career

02:15:30.600 --> 02:15:36.975
because it can help me to
support my family, my mother.

02:15:36.999 --> 02:15:38.656 position:20%
When I look at our family,

02:15:38.680 --> 02:15:41.096
because of the many challenges
that we face,

02:15:41.120 --> 02:15:44.576 position:20%
I don\'t think that
I want a very big family.

02:15:44.600 --> 02:15:46.216
I just want a small one.

02:15:46.240 --> 02:15:48.496
A manageable one, yeah.

02:15:48.520 --> 02:15:51.360
(all talking
in foreign language)

02:15:52.999 --> 02:15:55.256
- I have two daughters
and two sons.

02:15:55.280 --> 02:15:56.975
- Do you want any more children?

02:15:56.999 --> 02:16:01.536
- I just want these
to be raised well.

02:16:01.560 --> 02:16:05.416
- If God gives me another son,

02:16:05.440 --> 02:16:10.016
then I\'ll definitely
think about family planning.

02:16:10.040 --> 02:16:12.416
I also want that.

02:16:12.440 --> 02:16:15.856
- In my opinion,
family planning is imperative

02:16:15.880 --> 02:16:21.096 position:20%
for the betterment of the
country and the household.

02:16:21.120 --> 02:16:22.496
- The natural thing,

02:16:22.520 --> 02:16:25.456
once children
become an investment,

02:16:25.480 --> 02:16:26.975
as opposed to an asset,

02:16:26.999 --> 02:16:28.256
once you\'re investing
in your children

02:16:28.280 --> 02:16:31.256
by sending them to college
or trying to get them

02:16:31.280 --> 02:16:34.216
even a secondary education,
then you understand

02:16:34.240 --> 02:16:39.975 position:20%
you can only afford to invest
in a small number of them.

02:16:39.999 --> 02:16:42.016
(Raghib)
We can see
Pakistan\'s population

02:16:42.040 --> 02:16:43.975
becoming a problem
in the near future.

02:16:43.999 --> 02:16:46.975
However,
if the government of Pakistan

02:16:46.999 --> 02:16:50.975
uses its resources properly,

02:16:50.999 --> 02:16:54.016
then it will
not be a problem.

02:16:54.040 --> 02:16:59.496
Investments should be made
in education,

02:16:59.520 --> 02:17:01.536
which isn\'t happening
in Pakistan.

02:17:01.560 --> 02:17:06.975
Because obviously an educated
family would consider

02:17:06.999 --> 02:17:10.456 position:20%
the health, academic,
as well as moral education

02:17:10.480 --> 02:17:13.256 position:20%
of their children
so that they grow up to be

02:17:13.280 --> 02:17:19.240
upstanding citizens in society.

02:17:20.600 --> 02:17:25.975 position:20%
- We need a just world
with all the same chances.

02:17:25.999 --> 02:17:31.456
If these two billions
will be here, very poor,

02:17:31.480 --> 02:17:33.975
some even collapsed countries--

02:17:33.999 --> 02:17:36.975
I see Al Qaida,
I see pirates.

02:17:36.999 --> 02:17:40.256
Then population growth
will continue.

02:17:40.280 --> 02:17:45.976
But if these people will get
a decent life, go to school,

02:17:46.000 --> 02:17:47.975
have access to family planning--

02:17:47.999 --> 02:17:50.656
some even move
all the way up here.

02:17:50.680 --> 02:17:53.896
You will have a world like this.

02:17:53.920 --> 02:17:56.975
Then we will stop
at nine billion.

02:17:56.999 --> 02:18:00.296 position:20%
(Adrienne)
We need to rethink what we
mean by population policy.

02:18:00.320 --> 02:18:03.336
We need to put the people
at the center of this paradigm

02:18:03.360 --> 02:18:05.616
and if we do it that way,
we\'ll not only

02:18:05.640 --> 02:18:09.496 position:20%
serve the individuals
far better, but actually,

02:18:09.520 --> 02:18:15.576
we\'ll achieve our population
goals at the same time.

02:18:15.600 --> 02:18:19.056
(Michelle)
Women\'s rights are key
to every big

02:18:19.080 --> 02:18:22.416
environmental challenge
that we face.

02:18:22.440 --> 02:18:24.856
When you have policies
like family planning

02:18:24.880 --> 02:18:26.656
that do so much
for women\'s rights

02:18:26.680 --> 02:18:28.896
and for people\'s dignity
and aspirations

02:18:28.920 --> 02:18:34.616
and that also allow countries to
grow or shrink more manageably,

02:18:34.640 --> 02:18:36.176
it\'s a win-win.

02:18:36.200 --> 02:18:39.975
(women laughing)

02:18:39.999 --> 02:18:41.176
♪♪

02:18:41.200 --> 02:18:45.016
- You can see a society,
not just a wealthy society,

02:18:45.040 --> 02:18:49.576 position:20%
but a society at any level
in this world transformed

02:18:49.600 --> 02:18:54.096
within less than a generation
through these programs.

02:18:54.120 --> 02:18:56.296
It\'s extraordinary
how fast it can happen.

02:18:56.320 --> 02:19:00.856
(practicing vowels)
\"A...\"
- \"A\"

02:19:00.880 --> 02:19:01.816
- E
- E

02:19:01.840 --> 02:19:02.376
- I
- I...

02:19:02.400 --> 02:19:06.296
(MATHIS)
Is population more important
than consumption or vice versa?

02:19:06.320 --> 02:19:08.216
And I would say the most
important thing

02:19:08.240 --> 02:19:09.416
is human wellbeing.

02:19:09.440 --> 02:19:11.696
That\'s at
the center.

02:19:11.720 --> 02:19:12.975
And there\'s a condition
for that.

02:19:12.999 --> 02:19:15.416
The condition is
do we have enough resources

02:19:15.440 --> 02:19:17.096
to maintain ourselves?

02:19:17.120 --> 02:19:20.520
♪♪

02:19:22.680 --> 02:19:25.975
(Musimbi)
All of us must find a way
of reducing consumption,

02:19:25.999 --> 02:19:29.056
but it really means
global behavior.

02:19:29.080 --> 02:19:30.096
We live in one world.

02:19:30.120 --> 02:19:33.975
And it doesn\'t really matter who
polluted and who didn\'t pollute.

02:19:33.999 --> 02:19:34.975
Who was poor and who was rich.

02:19:34.999 --> 02:19:38.736
In the end, we have really to be
accountable for the changes

02:19:38.760 --> 02:19:39.816
that happen on our environment,

02:19:39.840 --> 02:19:44.456
and we need to be at the table
and find the solutions together.

02:19:44.480 --> 02:19:47.880
♪♪

02:19:48.800 --> 02:19:52.136 position:20%
(Hans)
Human beings are capable
of solving their problems.

02:19:52.160 --> 02:19:55.975
We\'ve done things before when
changes were needed.

02:19:55.999 --> 02:20:00.776
We have a lot of money,
we have a lot of human skills.

02:20:00.800 --> 02:20:02.999
It needs to be done.

02:20:03.999 --> 02:20:07.975 position:20%
If we are clever enough to do
it, that\'s another thing.

02:20:07.999 --> 02:20:10.560
(fetal heartbeat)

02:20:14.720 --> 02:20:17.999
♪♪

02:20:18.560 --> 02:20:23.536
(woman)
- ♪ It was always
what you said it ♪

02:20:23.560 --> 02:20:27.975
♪ Would be and nothing more ♪

02:20:27.999 --> 02:20:30.496
♪ Through the smoke screens ♪

02:20:30.520 --> 02:20:32.975
♪ And the pipe dreams ♪

02:20:32.999 --> 02:20:37.056
♪ And the blood
on the floor ♪

02:20:37.080 --> 02:20:38.975 position:20%
♪ Well you say it\'s black ♪

02:20:38.999 --> 02:20:46.496
♪ Well it\'s bound
to be black ♪

02:20:46.520 --> 02:20:48.975
♪ You\'ve made up your mind ♪

02:20:48.999 --> 02:20:51.176 line:20%
♪ And you see ♪

02:20:51.200 --> 02:20:54.240 line:20%
♪ With that ♪

02:20:57.320 --> 02:21:00.296
♪ Baby if you wanna be right ♪

02:21:00.320 --> 02:21:02.536
♪ I will let you
be right ♪

02:21:02.560 --> 02:21:06.736
♪ I will
let you be right ♪

02:21:06.760 --> 02:21:09.176
♪ You know that
the numbers don\'t lie ♪

02:21:09.200 --> 02:21:11.376
♪ Oh no, the numbers
don\'t lie ♪

02:21:11.400 --> 02:21:16.336
♪ Two wrongs will not
make it right ♪

02:21:16.360 --> 02:21:19.760 line:20%
♪♪

02:21:24.040 --> 02:21:30.999
♪ You said one and one and one
and one is three ♪

02:21:31.999 --> 02:21:33.776
♪ Oooh ooh ooh ♪

02:21:33.800 --> 02:21:37.656
♪ I know my lines and
my graphs and my math ♪

02:21:37.680 --> 02:21:41.200 position:20%
♪ Honey, that ain\'t me ♪♪