WEBVTT

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When you have a resource,

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such as Alerce wood,
which is not renewable

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and valuable,

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it gives you status.

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And we know that, for a human being,
status is super important,

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especially when you have money.

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In order to grow an Alerce again, of
those that were cut in the Cordillera,

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a meter and a half in diameter,
1,500 years have to pass.

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It was very brutal what happened.
It was very irrational.

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How

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the greed

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of some entrepreneurs

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generated this millionaire market,

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under the authorities of that time noses.

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How much money moved this market?
We don\'t know.

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But...

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... Billions.

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The mystery was: \"Who is behind the
illegal export and import of the tree\".

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And it\'s not just the illegal
export and import:

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Who is behind cutting down trees that
are gonna live for hundreds of years.

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So that was the mystery,
who are the people responsible for it?

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And the documents reveal to us...

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... who those people were.

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These are the sawmills
that were at that time.

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The biggest Alerce logging we had found
until those years,

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was around a hundred or so Alerces,
in other places.

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A group of supervisors arrived
at this place and the magnitude...

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... impacted us.

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We are used to seeing shocking things

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about illegal logging,
damage to the forest.

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But this completely exceeded
everything seen before.

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It was truly shocking.

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It was with no doubt the biggest
illegal logging of the Alerce species.

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They were involved

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in the order of,

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in total, within the property,

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around 2,700 Alerces...

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... 2,600.

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All Forestal Sarao has is this property,

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and the only thing
it\'s interested in is keeping it.

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Business plans: tourism.

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This is a family thing.

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We opted for conservation,

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always.

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You understand that if we wanted to,

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or if Forestal Sarao wanted to
exploit the property,

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we would have done it a lot.

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We never did business with it.

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And it\'s like a...

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It\'s like a bet.

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One want\'s to have a beautiful garden.

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The site is called Remains of
Cordillera Rio Blanco,

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with an area of approximately

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49,400 hectares.

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The year \'97,

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a group of people

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is introduced to our property

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with the promise

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of obtaining land for them,
or the consolidation of titles...

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... in my property.

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Hence the underlying problem begins,

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and the people felt
they owned the property.

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When we arrived,
it was common

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to log alerce

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as wood

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and as Alerce shingles.

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These people divided the property between
them and started to exploit it,

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also encouraged by the owners
of the neighboring property,

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which is called North South Hope.

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These people,

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made penetration roads,

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through the mountains,

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towards Forestal Sarao\'s property,

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and began to move the Alerce,

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logged illegally,

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with tractors,

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trucks,

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and oxen...

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They were the ones on the ground,

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directing those who cut the trees.

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They said: \"Cut this one.
Cut the other one\"

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Then they piled the wood

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and the businessmen came

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in their trucks to buy,
they would negotiate on the ground

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the price of the shingle,
the price of the Alerce plank...

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They did so.

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In that area, a sock of

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190 thousand inches of Alerce was determined.

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We believe is much more.

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Now, much of this Alerce...

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...left Chile.

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The exported volumes

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were relevant:

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at least, 100 million dollars.

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By who?

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The loggers?
The loggers are still starving

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Who else was involved?

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Great question.

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Who can do that?

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Was this the commission?

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No, because, in your report,

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there is one of the sources ... I went to
one of your sources, from your report ...

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And it is this: \"Fire of magnitude
and conflict ...\". This is a report ...

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According to our estimates,
an inch of Alerce,

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was sold, in Chile,

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at that time, at 2,500 pesos
(3 USD) an inch.

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mainly in the United States

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mainly in the United States

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for 350 thousand pesos (400 USD) an inch.

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And that denotes the relevance it has
and the interest that exists

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in the need for this good.

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Is this whole building yours?

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Not everything, no.

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What you have here is Alerce,
this here?

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No, this is plain wood...

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... the cheapest wood.

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Alerce...

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Sure.

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I was hired to discover the thread

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of trade

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and illegal logging

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of endangered species:
illegal logging of Alerce, and also

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see who benefited from the illegal trade.

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Organizations like Greenpeace told me
that they could not do anything,

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that we could not detect

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the illegal trade of Alerce wood.

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Therefore, there was no information.

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As there was no information in CODEFF,
as there was no information in Greenpeace,

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I made the decision

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and contacted people I already knew,

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who worked in the Environmental
Law Alliance Worldwide

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and we managed to articulate a proposal
for access to information,

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so to speak,

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a sort of American Transparency Law,

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and we stumbled into absolutely
amazing things:

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export permits

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of Alerce wood...

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... in the United States.

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What I learned was

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that there was a very amazing tree,

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that

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I heard

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could grow to be 1.000 years old,

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even 5.000 years old.

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and that it was being illegally logged.

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There was a possibility
that the purchasers...

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... were Americans.

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You can\'t do anything here
without paperwork,

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and even people who are breaking the law
are often filling out paperwork.

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Finally, we got the documents

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and they arrived in some boxes,

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and I knew the best paralegal ever.

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I just enjoy looking at
documents and just intuitively...

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even like that order that they are
and the dates of things,

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I can just figure out,

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intuitively,

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what the important pieces
of information are.

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so what I needed to identify was:
Was there anything in that stack of documents

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that told us who the parties were
that were responsible?.

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Well, we discovered that
there was, in fact, clear evidence

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that certain people and companies
were knowingly

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bringing Alerce
into the United States

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for the purpose of making a profit

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knowing that it was enlisted

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endangered tree.

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I have my...

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... Mapuche shirt too,
for the Mapuche cause.

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I am in a group called Wallmapu

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and we support the Mapuche cause.

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I was born in Valparaíso.

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I grew up between boats and fish.

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And in the year \'81...

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There was the economic crisis there,
I decided to leave and...

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... I came to the United States.

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I was assigned to another port,

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but a co-worker told me
that he had received some containers

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with wood from Chile.

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And that he didn\'t know what it was
and that the papers were all in Spanish.

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And he asked me to help him.

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So I went with him,

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and we opened the container...

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... and...

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I don\'t remember exactly
what papers were with it.

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But I said, \"You know what?

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I have the feeling that this wood...

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... is Alerce\".

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Because...

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My father, who had been
a carpenter in the Navy,

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as a child had taught me
to recognize the woods,

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by color, by the rings, by smell ...

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We took samples,

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brought the documents,

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We came to Tim,

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and I said: \"These papers...

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seem to me to be false. They are not ...
They are not correct.\"

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I do not remember what papers they were,
whether it was CONAF\'s or SAG\'s,

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but I think there were signatures
that did not match.

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The inspection station here receives...

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We have about 17 or 18 plant inspection
stations around the country,

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and we inspect

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and process live plant shipments

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propagated plant shipments from
all over the world.

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Well, CITES is an international treaty,

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that is an attempt to regulate trade.

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There is a shortlist of foreign species

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which is included in the endangered species act of 1973,

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and the amendments.

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One of those species is:

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Fitzroya cupressoides, the Alerce.

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This may have arrived with what
appeared to be a legitimate CITES document.

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However, at that time, Alerce was also
enlisted

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in the endangered species act.
And basically,

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there is no commercial trade allowed

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so this was an unusual situation.

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Whoever made an export

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of Alerce in those years
when it was prohibited.

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He had to, in addition
to the illegal extraction,

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to the internal transport of the country,

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had to go through Customs,
to have circumvented the controls

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that could have done by police,
and so on.

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And also,

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having mocked the controls
in the country of destination.

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Missdeclaring what you have,

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sequestering other items
in a lot of material...

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There are various standar
smuggling techniques.

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All the wood that was logged, burned
and exported for many years,

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arrives at these markets and becomes
fine furniture that must be

00:14:55.703 --> 00:14:58.845
in some of the San Francisco mansions,
in the United States,

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or in other parts of the world.

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Two were detected,

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but in the past

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there were many.

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There was a lot of laundered wood that
could never be confiscated,

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because there was no intention,

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on any side, to investigate what happened
to the wood that had already been logged.

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And as I say: the big business of wood...

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... is...

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... international.

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[Of the woods found here in the forest,]

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[Which would you say is the most valuable?]

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The Alerce

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[Why?]

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Because its wood...

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... let\'s say...

00:16:54.448 --> 00:16:56.095
... it\'s very special
for everything.

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Durable.

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Lasts 40 years under the earth.

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It can last even more,

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without doing anything to it.

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Not like the other woods.

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For example, the merlin,

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the tineo,

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other woods, are hard,

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you can use them once,
and then they tear into pieces.

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There is no wood like it.

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There is a story from 1865 by Rodolfo
Amando Philippi who tells it very well,

00:17:21.669 --> 00:17:23.164
it begins near Puerto Montt.

00:17:23.164 --> 00:17:25.436
There were giant and abundant Alerces.

00:17:25.436 --> 00:17:28.162
When he visits this part of
the Cordillera de la Costa,

00:17:28.162 --> 00:17:32.774
he ends up saying: \"The gold of this
part of the mountain range,

00:17:32.774 --> 00:17:34.270
are the Alerces.\"

00:17:34.926 --> 00:17:38.124
The value of the wood itself
has sustained...

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over time.

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But today,

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unfortunately,

00:17:42.824 --> 00:17:46.144
it went from being a necessary good

00:17:46.144 --> 00:17:47.144
to a luxury good.

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Look, there you see the rings.

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It is the second oldest
species in the world.

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It reaches 45 meters high.

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Its diameter can be 4 meters,

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And it is registering and has recorded
the weather for many years.

00:18:46.322 --> 00:18:51.748
They have an importance far beyond
to how old they are.

00:18:52.572 --> 00:18:55.952
Dendrochronology is a science,
a discipline

00:18:55.952 --> 00:18:59.052
of the study of tree growth rings,

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to date or study
events and processes.

00:19:04.812 --> 00:19:09.630
It\'s like having a sensor: when you have
an old tree, you have a thermometer,

00:19:09.630 --> 00:19:13.948
an instrument measuring during many years.

00:19:14.952 --> 00:19:18.707
Why is it important? Because to
understand climate change,

00:19:18.707 --> 00:19:20.671
to understand the climate
on a global scale,

00:19:20.671 --> 00:19:23.522
you need to understand what is happening
in the southern hemisphere.

00:19:23.522 --> 00:19:26.993
It turns out that most studies
are in the northern hemisphere.

00:19:26.993 --> 00:19:29.518
So those don\'t exist anywhere
in the world,

00:19:29.518 --> 00:19:33.038
because South America is the southernmost
continent in the world.

00:19:38.570 --> 00:19:39.560
This

00:19:39.560 --> 00:19:41.090
is

00:19:41.090 --> 00:19:42.650
a sample

00:19:42.650 --> 00:19:45.498
This is a sample that advanced

00:19:46.490 --> 00:19:51.330
the science and knowledge of Alerce.

00:19:51.330 --> 00:19:55.086
It is a sample that is 3,620 years old.

00:19:55.086 --> 00:19:58.310
Although it is hard to imagine,

00:19:58.310 --> 00:20:02.620
it\'s a sample that has rings
especially on the outside

00:20:02.620 --> 00:20:06.695
and comes from a tree that was just
1.40 meters in diameter.

00:20:10.544 --> 00:20:15.006
If I concatenate different samples,

00:20:15.456 --> 00:20:18.613
then I find another one
that goes further.

00:20:18.613 --> 00:20:20.962
In that case, currently,

00:20:20.962 --> 00:20:22.633
in this year,

00:20:22.633 --> 00:20:25.133
we reached 5,680 years.

00:20:25.133 --> 00:20:27.131
So with that, we build

00:20:27.131 --> 00:20:28.763
this puzzle

00:20:28.763 --> 00:20:32.053
and we can do this long reconstruction.

00:21:54.583 --> 00:21:56.514
At the beginning of the 2000s,

00:21:56.514 --> 00:21:59.000
the ecosystem science begins,

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:02.722
where we not only see the Alerce trees,
but we see...

00:22:02.722 --> 00:22:05.573
... the complete forest,

00:22:05.573 --> 00:22:07.813
with all its components

00:22:07.813 --> 00:22:12.074
and inserted into a changing planet,
with a changing atmosphere.

00:22:14.233 --> 00:22:19.775
And that is when this research tower
is installed here,

00:22:19.775 --> 00:22:24.103
which begins to give us data
that will allow us to answer

00:22:24.103 --> 00:22:25.893
these new questions:

00:22:25.893 --> 00:22:31.708
how these forests will now respond to
this changing atmosphere,

00:22:32.879 --> 00:22:34.333
and to this changing climate

00:22:34.333 --> 00:22:37.569
because we know that
this climate will change, it will dry.

00:22:43.423 --> 00:22:48.313
The types of organisms that can live, or
the soils that form around those Alerces

00:22:48.313 --> 00:22:52.420
and that help other species
grow on those soils,

00:22:52.420 --> 00:22:54.071
are unique;

00:22:54.071 --> 00:22:56.818
They are ecosystems that are difficult
to find elsewhere.

00:22:57.948 --> 00:23:02.166
If you look at how the temperature has been in the past, you can forsee

00:23:02.166 --> 00:23:04.071
what can happen in the future,

00:23:04.071 --> 00:23:06.844
Many cycles occur naturally,

00:23:06.844 --> 00:23:10.124
and you would expect them to keep
happening in the future.

00:23:10.124 --> 00:23:14.320
Here in the region,
everyone knows the Alerce,

00:23:14.540 --> 00:23:17.966
but in the country, many people did not
know about the existence of the Alerce,

00:23:17.966 --> 00:23:21.894
the importance of the Alerce, the rules
that protect it and why it is protected.

00:23:21.894 --> 00:23:24.776
You don’t protect a species
just because you like it.

00:23:24.776 --> 00:23:29.421
There are reasons behind that.
Alerce is important for many reasons.

00:23:52.059 --> 00:23:57.553
We did not know about the Alerce law,
there was no law.

00:23:58.063 --> 00:24:02.133
We cut any green tree.
\"That\'s a pretty one, it goes down\"

00:24:02.133 --> 00:24:07.462
No one cared about new generations,
new trees.

00:24:08.703 --> 00:24:10.447
There was no care.

00:24:10.773 --> 00:24:13.295
And then the law came, it was studied,

00:24:13.295 --> 00:24:16.893
and they told us:
\"You will have a special permit...

00:24:16.893 --> 00:24:19.032
since you own the property,

00:24:19.032 --> 00:24:23.102
but won\'t give you any
permission to cut a living tree.\"

00:24:25.226 --> 00:24:29.066
There were places where towns were created

00:24:29.066 --> 00:24:31.159
for the sole exploitation of the Alerce,

00:24:31.159 --> 00:24:33.043
for example in Contao,

00:24:33.043 --> 00:24:35.506
in the province of Hualaihué,

00:24:35.786 --> 00:24:37.497
and from one day to another

00:24:38.367 --> 00:24:41.616
an amendment was billed
that prohibited Alerce logging.

00:24:46.122 --> 00:24:48.812
Here an important industry was installed,.

00:24:49.764 --> 00:24:53.383
with cutting-edge technology for that time

00:24:53.383 --> 00:24:55.584
by the BIMA company

00:24:56.219 --> 00:25:00.261
People came from various places,

00:25:01.081 --> 00:25:02.571
so subsequentially,

00:25:02.571 --> 00:25:04.011
a school was built,

00:25:04.951 --> 00:25:07.890
houses were built, the hospitals were built

00:25:09.727 --> 00:25:14.267
all out of Alerce:
the floor, the liners, the bedrooms,

00:25:14.267 --> 00:25:17.365
with water, with everything,
with electricity, with everything.

00:25:18.141 --> 00:25:19.471
It was...

00:25:20.401 --> 00:25:22.781
...a town that depended on the company.

00:25:40.662 --> 00:25:42.835
I worked for the BIMA company

00:25:45.576 --> 00:25:46.736
from \'64

00:25:47.530 --> 00:25:48.730
until \'75,

00:25:48.730 --> 00:25:50.465
until the Coup d\'etat.

00:25:50.790 --> 00:25:52.692
The shingles we used to do back then

00:25:52.692 --> 00:25:54.752
were two long planks,

00:25:54.752 --> 00:25:56.353
6 inches wide.

00:25:57.192 --> 00:25:59.642
Three trucks went by, four trucks.

00:26:00.572 --> 00:26:03.052
They would carry about 15 thousand
inches, 20 thousand inches...

00:26:03.052 --> 00:26:04.322
...a day.

00:26:06.992 --> 00:26:11.328
Up there it must be completely destroyed.
I have never been to the mountain.

00:26:12.108 --> 00:26:16.742
But they swept everything: The big Alerces,
the small Alerces. There was no...

00:26:16.742 --> 00:26:18.412
conscience about it.

00:26:18.412 --> 00:26:21.122
And the Americans took everything.

00:26:21.672 --> 00:26:24.442
They got rich with that.

00:26:26.796 --> 00:26:28.596
From here departed

00:26:28.596 --> 00:26:31.246
all the wood of Alerce

00:26:31.246 --> 00:26:34.030
that was produced,.

00:26:34.030 --> 00:26:35.730
in the sawmill.

00:26:35.730 --> 00:26:37.320
And this is what remains...

00:26:37.320 --> 00:26:38.817
The little that remains.

00:26:39.554 --> 00:26:43.756
Normally ships brought
the grocery store, brought fuel...

00:26:43.756 --> 00:26:47.016
They brought everything and then
they were loaded with Alerce.

00:26:47.016 --> 00:26:50.436
When you were coming there,
you saw from a distance

00:26:50.436 --> 00:26:53.896
the piles of wood and it gave you the impression
that they were houses.

00:26:53.896 --> 00:26:57.779
And you would tell your friends:
\"And how is this town so big?\"

00:26:58.366 --> 00:26:59.740
And they were not houses;

00:26:59.740 --> 00:27:01.876
They were piles of Alerce wood.

00:27:01.876 --> 00:27:03.906
But an Alerce

00:27:03.906 --> 00:27:05.062
of the best quality.

00:27:06.226 --> 00:27:07.562
There was no...

00:27:07.562 --> 00:27:09.217
There was no knot, there was nothing.

00:27:12.894 --> 00:27:14.779
One was used to...

00:27:15.699 --> 00:27:17.744
... to have light 24 hours a day,

00:27:17.744 --> 00:27:21.971
to have your things in a refrigerator.
Afterward, it disappeared.

00:27:22.704 --> 00:27:26.723
And one sees that people suddenly
earn lots of money,

00:27:27.654 --> 00:27:29.034
are not interested

00:27:29.794 --> 00:27:30.968
in conserving anything.

00:27:30.968 --> 00:27:32.848
The truth is that I am sad to see...

00:27:32.848 --> 00:27:34.710
... to see that,

00:27:34.710 --> 00:27:38.708
because everything that had died,
they destroyed it.

00:27:42.339 --> 00:27:45.760
In the end, it was just an extractivist mine:

00:27:46.189 --> 00:27:48.528
\"We went to get the core,
we got the best.\"

00:27:48.528 --> 00:27:50.073
I mean if it hadn\'t existed ...

00:27:50.073 --> 00:27:52.799
If it had not been declared
as a Natural Monument,

00:27:52.799 --> 00:27:55.265
the business wouldn\'t have last

00:27:55.265 --> 00:27:58.007
more than 10 years...
15 years with luck.

00:27:58.007 --> 00:27:58.899
You see?.

00:27:58.899 --> 00:28:01.850
In addition, the form of the harvest
that they were doing,

00:28:01.850 --> 00:28:04.116
was very inefficient.

00:28:04.116 --> 00:28:06.130
Therefore, the ban began

00:28:06.130 --> 00:28:08.612
and the day the company knew,

00:28:09.405 --> 00:28:13.235
it stopped the job and sent all
the workers with a chainsaw

00:28:13.235 --> 00:28:16.457
to cut all the Alerce they could log.

00:28:22.479 --> 00:28:25.844
Indeed, in Chile, the Alerce has been protected

00:28:25.844 --> 00:28:30.106
since 1976, with Decree 490.

00:28:30.534 --> 00:28:33.908
But, it includes some exceptions.

00:28:34.294 --> 00:28:36.714
Which is quite reasonable, because

00:28:36.714 --> 00:28:40.440
basically what the authority is saying
is: \"We want to protect,

00:28:40.440 --> 00:28:42.783
but there is also a small local economy

00:28:42.783 --> 00:28:47.053
around these dead Alerces,
and therefore we want to and allow

00:28:47.053 --> 00:28:50.002
this to be harvested because it doesn\'t
have an ecosystemic value\".

00:28:50.002 --> 00:28:53.198
Exceptionally you can use the dead trees,

00:28:53.198 --> 00:28:58.718
and the person who wants to sell
this dead wood,

00:28:58.718 --> 00:29:01.558
can do so with a special work plan,

00:29:01.558 --> 00:29:02.894
approved by the Corporation.

00:29:02.894 --> 00:29:07.147
They have to tell us, what is the reason
for the death of the Alerce.

00:29:07.147 --> 00:29:09.903
They have to be transported
with \'Free Transit Guides\',

00:29:09.903 --> 00:29:12.353
also granted by the Corporation.

00:29:14.019 --> 00:29:18.655
What happens is that this creates
a legal loophole, a window of opportunity,

00:29:18.655 --> 00:29:22.009
that allows the exploitation of the Alerce,

00:29:22.009 --> 00:29:24.169
and eventually the Alerce traffic.

00:29:24.169 --> 00:29:27.914
On the one hand, someone
made intentional burns

00:29:27.914 --> 00:29:30.089
so that the Alerce

00:29:30.089 --> 00:29:34.129
died, and then asked for an
authorization to exploit.

00:29:34.129 --> 00:29:36.502
And CONAF turned a blind eye

00:29:36.502 --> 00:29:38.220
to the cause of death.

00:29:38.824 --> 00:29:40.499
At the beginning of the 2000s,

00:29:40.499 --> 00:29:43.319
we had a much less rigorous system.

00:30:05.447 --> 00:30:09.966
When burning the wood, it is preserved
because it burns only on the outside.

00:30:09.966 --> 00:30:12.320
In 1987,

00:30:12.320 --> 00:30:15.764
11 thousand hectares were burned
intentionally.

00:30:15.764 --> 00:30:18.027
And then, in that same region,

00:30:18.027 --> 00:30:22.597
another fire occurred
in 1997 of 9,500 hectares.

00:30:22.597 --> 00:30:28.137
That demonstrated that the of fires
happened more often,

00:30:28.137 --> 00:30:32.807
with the intention of creating areas...

00:30:32.807 --> 00:30:37.327
of dead Alerce forests, and
then being able to use the wood.

00:30:51.272 --> 00:30:54.547
What the fire does,

00:30:54.547 --> 00:30:57.902
its to eliminate adult individuals.

00:30:58.252 --> 00:31:02.192
Therefore, in a long-lived species such as Alerce,
the probability of having

00:31:02.192 --> 00:31:04.415
successful individuals per seed...

00:31:04.415 --> 00:31:05.439
... becomes...

00:31:06.068 --> 00:31:07.188
...less and less.

00:31:07.188 --> 00:31:10.942
There comes a time when the system is
not able to respond and one says:

00:31:10.942 --> 00:31:15.502
\"Well, here the species is not achieving
the balance between mortality and birth,

00:31:15.502 --> 00:31:19.353
which is what you always look for,
and therefore, we carry the species

00:31:19.353 --> 00:31:20.253
on the verge...

00:31:20.253 --> 00:31:21.355
... of extinction.

00:31:25.401 --> 00:31:28.659
There were two fires: \'86 and \'90,

00:31:29.693 --> 00:31:33.349
in which the fire started on
the neighboring site,

00:31:33.349 --> 00:31:35.409
Lagomarsino\'s,

00:31:36.272 --> 00:31:37.974
and it went north.

00:31:39.136 --> 00:31:42.766
It went north, where 5 thousand hectares
of Alerce were burned.

00:31:43.766 --> 00:31:45.406
At that moment,

00:31:45.406 --> 00:31:50.016
Management Plans were developed,
by these people,

00:31:50.016 --> 00:31:50.866
and

00:31:50.866 --> 00:31:52.276
they

00:31:52.276 --> 00:31:53.256
were

00:31:53.256 --> 00:31:54.486
laundering it.

00:31:54.486 --> 00:31:59.476
The idea was that these people,
in appearance, moved

00:31:59.476 --> 00:32:04.446
legally extracted Alerce from its origin,
Esperanza Norte Sur,

00:32:04.446 --> 00:32:08.222
when in fact, it was a stolen Alerce
of the Sarao Forest estate.

00:32:09.753 --> 00:32:12.640
Here is a slightly better
image of the area.

00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:16.233
This is Remains of Cordillera Río Blanco\'s property.
We estimated

00:32:16.233 --> 00:32:20.050
that there was a certain overlap here
with the property Esperanza Norte Sur.

00:32:20.050 --> 00:32:23.962
And people entered here,
crossed the Esperanza River,

00:32:23.962 --> 00:32:29.228
and accessed up to the largest
intervened area.

00:32:30.095 --> 00:32:34.076
The criminal trial, as well
as the infractional trial

00:32:34.076 --> 00:32:36.656
that was carried out in the local police,

00:32:36.656 --> 00:32:38.406
Forestal Sarao

00:32:38.406 --> 00:32:40.816
was a declared victim

00:32:40.816 --> 00:32:41.544
and

00:32:41.544 --> 00:32:42.662
established

00:32:42.662 --> 00:32:45.084
that this only occurred

00:32:45.084 --> 00:32:46.706
due

00:32:46.706 --> 00:32:50.674
to the lack of service of the
National Forestry Corporation

00:32:50.674 --> 00:32:51.954
It\'s bad.

00:32:51.954 --> 00:32:54.168
Because CONAF would not do his job.

00:32:58.234 --> 00:33:04.171
Look, the reasons why the CONAF
director of the time was arrested,

00:33:04.171 --> 00:33:08.195
have to do with an investigation
on an illicit association, I believe.

00:33:08.195 --> 00:33:10.729
He was detained for three days.

00:33:11.993 --> 00:33:13.368
But one,

00:33:13.368 --> 00:33:15.312
looking at it with perspective, can say

00:33:15.312 --> 00:33:19.018
that it\'s logical to question what goes on
within the authority that must oversee

00:33:19.018 --> 00:33:21.501
this issue, and 2 thousand and so
many Alerces are logged.

00:33:21.501 --> 00:33:24.814
All the illegal extraction that we found

00:33:24.814 --> 00:33:26.404
was brought to justice.

00:33:26.404 --> 00:33:28.383
Never...

00:33:29.668 --> 00:33:31.298
...there was never an action.

00:33:31.824 --> 00:33:34.684
We decided to go with the press,

00:33:35.701 --> 00:33:38.471
and just then was taken seriously.

00:33:38.778 --> 00:33:42.998
Never a television report
showed a cut Alerce

00:33:42.998 --> 00:33:46.168
that wasn\'t previously reported by us.

00:33:46.168 --> 00:33:47.418
Never.

00:33:47.418 --> 00:33:51.248
All the cut Alerces shown on
television and all the reports

00:33:51.248 --> 00:33:55.078
had already been detected by us
and reported in court.

00:33:55.078 --> 00:33:58.438
They hired helicopters every year,

00:33:58.438 --> 00:34:02.014
in order to detect early
any important exploitation.

00:34:02.748 --> 00:34:07.264
At the time of this exploitation,
the rental of helicopters was stopped.

00:34:07.264 --> 00:34:10.178
Therefore, they ran out
of budget to do anything.

00:34:10.178 --> 00:34:14.018
CONAF stopped going to the field,
in advance, to verify the origin

00:34:14.018 --> 00:34:15.851
of the Alerce that was to be sold.

00:34:15.851 --> 00:34:20.018
We went to the field, the areas were
verified when destruction was detected,

00:34:20.018 --> 00:34:22.018
but there was no, for example,

00:34:22.018 --> 00:34:27.098
obligation to mark the wood
each time it was extracted.

00:34:27.458 --> 00:34:30.648
What did that case mean
to the Corporation?

00:34:31.197 --> 00:34:32.197
To modernize,

00:34:32.197 --> 00:34:35.797
to modernize the control systems, mainly.

00:34:39.486 --> 00:34:43.334
With the billions that came out of that
property, which are determined:

00:34:43.676 --> 00:34:45.485
Where did that money go?

00:34:48.451 --> 00:34:50.458
[Is it possible that Alerce has entered

00:34:52.182 --> 00:34:55.216
the United States, without knowing
that it was that wood?]

00:34:55.216 --> 00:34:56.576
Absolutely.

00:34:56.576 --> 00:34:59.776
Anything that can be sold
for a large amount of money

00:34:59.776 --> 00:35:02.356
could come into the United States.
Yes, absolutely.

00:35:16.334 --> 00:35:19.531
I arrived in the United States
in the year \'72.

00:35:19.531 --> 00:35:22.478
My parents said, \"Would you
like to go to study abroad?\"

00:35:22.478 --> 00:35:25.334
And I thought, \"Surely.
I am happy to leave.\"

00:35:28.469 --> 00:35:30.059
Did you find out what the problem was?

00:35:30.059 --> 00:35:31.006
[No]

00:35:33.185 --> 00:35:35.505
There is wood that is in trade.

00:35:35.505 --> 00:35:38.475
The great majority of the wood
in fact is legal.

00:35:39.985 --> 00:35:43.212
There is roughly 60 thousand
species of trees in the world,

00:35:43.212 --> 00:35:46.162
and so there is a lot of very legal trade.

00:35:46.637 --> 00:35:51.688
But within the legal trade,
there is an area of illegal harvesting

00:35:51.688 --> 00:35:54.688
and our job is to recognize

00:35:54.688 --> 00:35:57.308
if a species of wood coming to us

00:35:57.308 --> 00:35:59.955
is from an illegal source
or a legal source.

00:36:00.695 --> 00:36:05.656
This is the area of ​​the laboratory in
which we have the wood samples.

00:36:05.656 --> 00:36:08.943
Here we have a sample of
Araucaria Araucana.

00:36:11.114 --> 00:36:12.728
Very hard to get.

00:36:13.801 --> 00:36:16.684
And it is a beautiful example...

00:36:16.684 --> 00:36:17.964
... of Chilean wood.

00:36:17.964 --> 00:36:21.051
We have samples of wood
which comes from Brazil.

00:36:21.051 --> 00:36:23.524
Guitars are usually made with these.

00:36:23.524 --> 00:36:26.024
A violin bow made from
a Pernambuco wood.

00:36:26.024 --> 00:36:28.837
In the United States, it sells for over
8 thousand dollars.

00:36:29.616 --> 00:36:31.456
There is only...

00:36:32.288 --> 00:36:34.852
... four species of trees in the world,

00:36:34.852 --> 00:36:39.569
that have the same kind of
CITES protection as

00:36:39.569 --> 00:36:41.633
elephants and rhinoceros.

00:36:41.633 --> 00:36:46.377
And I don\'t think anybody in the world would
say: \"It\'s ok for us to just kill elephants

00:36:46.377 --> 00:36:48.094
or anybody just to kill rhinoceros\".

00:36:48.094 --> 00:36:52.452
One species is from Brazil,
and three species from Chile.

00:36:55.111 --> 00:36:57.927
A lot of people think that

00:36:57.927 --> 00:37:00.149
protecting trees is all about...

00:37:00.814 --> 00:37:02.574
... being a treehugger.

00:37:02.574 --> 00:37:05.734
But I think that we are starting
to find out now,

00:37:05.734 --> 00:37:08.629
just in the last two years, or less,

00:37:08.629 --> 00:37:10.231
that...

00:37:11.016 --> 00:37:15.486
plants have a complexity that we fully
do not understand right now.

00:37:17.128 --> 00:37:19.201
We as humans have assumed

00:37:19.201 --> 00:37:22.198
that the biggest the number of genes,

00:37:23.279 --> 00:37:25.100
the more intelligent...

00:37:25.990 --> 00:37:27.509
...the creature.

00:37:28.024 --> 00:37:31.507
Bacteria, to live, uses roughly
4 thousand genes.

00:37:31.507 --> 00:37:34.286
It turns out that the chicken was 17 thousand genes.

00:37:34.286 --> 00:37:37.371
And eventually, we arrived to the
smartest thing in the universe,

00:37:37.371 --> 00:37:39.151
which of course is the human,

00:37:39.151 --> 00:37:40.939
and the human has roughly...

00:37:40.939 --> 00:37:44.979
Now we are around 21 thousand.
First, we said 25 thousand genes.

00:37:44.979 --> 00:37:47.851
So it was terrific, you now.
So the presumption was that:

00:37:47.851 --> 00:37:51.107
\"We now know that the most complicated
system on Earth,

00:37:51.107 --> 00:37:53.068
which is a human,

00:37:53.068 --> 00:37:56.342
has 25 thousand genes to
make us who we are\".

00:37:57.102 --> 00:38:00.363
And a colleague friend of mine
in Corvallis, California,

00:38:00.363 --> 00:38:04.873
Decided to study a very common tree
we have here in Oregon,

00:38:04.873 --> 00:38:08.484
and he was shocked to find out
that that tree, has roughly

00:38:08.484 --> 00:38:11.013
125 thousand genes,

00:38:11.013 --> 00:38:13.652
almost four times more than humans.

00:38:15.191 --> 00:38:17.102
So what does that mean?

00:38:17.102 --> 00:38:20.433
Does that mean that these
trees are smarter than us?

00:38:20.433 --> 00:38:25.196
Or does that mean that this tree,
that was around during the dinosaur age,

00:38:25.196 --> 00:38:29.441
has not forgotten anything about
how to subsist in the future?

00:38:33.681 --> 00:38:37.417
Plants themselves have
a level of knowledge,

00:38:38.408 --> 00:38:40.857
that purely from a
scientific point of view,

00:38:40.857 --> 00:38:42.984
we do not understand at all.

00:38:43.172 --> 00:38:45.752
What kind of knowledge
are we going to lose,

00:38:45.752 --> 00:38:47.236
if we lose all of that?

00:38:47.236 --> 00:38:49.076
Will we ever be able to tap into it?

00:38:49.268 --> 00:38:51.819
Or how many genes does the Alerce have?

00:38:51.819 --> 00:38:52.769
We will...

00:38:52.769 --> 00:38:55.510
in a 150 years from now say:

00:38:55.510 --> 00:38:58.898
\"Wow, the smartest thing in the planet...

00:38:58.898 --> 00:39:00.514
... got extinct because...

00:39:00.514 --> 00:39:02.717
... that culture didn\'t take care of it\".

00:39:09.357 --> 00:39:12.657
[Could you tell us who was
the person you identified?]

00:39:12.657 --> 00:39:14.365
[What about his business?]

00:39:19.078 --> 00:39:21.733
Penberthy I think was the name
of the individual.

00:39:21.733 --> 00:39:24.696
And Baron Industries
I believe was the company.

00:39:25.451 --> 00:39:29.831
That he was selling to in the United States.
He had like a business in Chile, I believe.

00:39:29.831 --> 00:39:32.310
But definitely, Baron Industries
and Penberthy

00:39:32.310 --> 00:39:35.349
seem to be the ones that were
the culprits,

00:39:35.349 --> 00:39:39.433
and they were the ones that were
illegally exporting and importing the wood.

00:39:40.533 --> 00:39:44.783
So it\'s only recently that I googled him,

00:39:44.783 --> 00:39:48.483
to try to find out more about him

00:39:48.483 --> 00:39:52.338
and he is a rather mysterious figure.

00:39:52.644 --> 00:40:00.270
There are people who are drawn to
exploiting resources of poorer countries,

00:40:00.270 --> 00:40:04.534
where they think that
they can get away with it.

00:40:11.458 --> 00:40:13.624
My name is Patricio Santana.

00:40:13.624 --> 00:40:17.099
I always devoted myself,

00:40:17.099 --> 00:40:21.063
since I was 18,
to work in the business of wood.

00:40:24.028 --> 00:40:28.028
And that\'s how I met
Mister Frank Penberthy,

00:40:28.028 --> 00:40:32.368
and he brought me here for me to work
the wood because he saw my work

00:40:32.368 --> 00:40:35.853
and noticed that my work was good,
and that I knew a lot.

00:40:36.698 --> 00:40:40.058
Then he hires me
and brings me to Casablanca.

00:40:44.355 --> 00:40:48.185
I believe that the ambition for money
brought him here, the ambition for dollars.

00:40:48.185 --> 00:40:51.408
Compared to a businessman
in the United States...

00:40:51.408 --> 00:40:52.697
...is very small.

00:41:01.350 --> 00:41:05.950
Penberthy creates two entities,
one called Northwest Express,

00:41:05.950 --> 00:41:10.310
through him and through his partner
who has a very pompous name,

00:41:10.940 --> 00:41:13.030
Mister Kent Wasstfall.

00:41:13.030 --> 00:41:16.187
He is doing badly, and then
there is Baron Industries Inc.,

00:41:16.187 --> 00:41:17.663
in the United States,

00:41:17.663 --> 00:41:22.389
and he creates Baron Industries Ltda., Which was
the office he used in Casablanca,

00:41:22.389 --> 00:41:23.735
for this laundering.

00:41:23.735 --> 00:41:26.693
It is not laundered in the south
but is laundered in Casablanca,

00:41:26.693 --> 00:41:27.853
in order to export it.

00:41:30.025 --> 00:41:32.415
The first time he bought to...

00:41:32.985 --> 00:41:34.715
... in this case...

00:41:34.715 --> 00:41:37.655
... to Forestal Maichihue from
Alex Lagomarsino,

00:41:37.655 --> 00:41:41.625
we produced 3 thousand inches
between October and December.

00:41:42.315 --> 00:41:46.127
It was a good sale because according to Frank,

00:41:46.127 --> 00:41:48.757
only two customers took the wood.

00:41:50.136 --> 00:41:52.866
And he liked longer woods a lot, because,

00:41:52.866 --> 00:41:56.252
in the United States, the longer
the plank was...

00:41:56.252 --> 00:41:57.796
... the greater its value.

00:41:57.796 --> 00:42:01.700
They used it for houses,
to line the interior:

00:42:01.700 --> 00:42:04.120
doors, windows...
He showed me pictures of that.

00:42:04.620 --> 00:42:06.146
Beautiful, in the United States.

00:42:06.146 --> 00:42:09.148
For the gringos it was something new,
because having that wood there,

00:42:09.148 --> 00:42:11.528
after so many years,

00:42:11.528 --> 00:42:14.182
and such a beautiful, native wood...

00:42:15.688 --> 00:42:16.688
It was...

00:42:16.688 --> 00:42:20.388
... a good business. He sold it
practically right away.

00:42:20.388 --> 00:42:23.336
So Frank comes personally
and buys more wood

00:42:23.336 --> 00:42:25.778
from Lagomarsino, Forestal Maichihue;

00:42:25.778 --> 00:42:28.064
later,

00:42:28.064 --> 00:42:30.892
to the indigenous community of Manquemapu.

00:42:30.892 --> 00:42:32.392
And that is

00:42:32.392 --> 00:42:36.582
the container that was found in the
United States with 969 inches.

00:42:36.582 --> 00:42:39.532
I remember that well because I...

00:42:39.532 --> 00:42:43.435
... made the inventory of the wood
that was going and the number of inches.

00:42:43.435 --> 00:42:47.292
Mr. Penberthy had no real obstacle
to do these exports.

00:42:47.292 --> 00:42:51.742
Those two were arrested, but he was
in the business long before.

00:42:52.483 --> 00:42:55.233
This is the only shipment I am aware of.

00:42:55.233 --> 00:42:57.643
And we deny entry and send it back.

00:42:57.923 --> 00:43:01.530
Penberthy was extremely upset
that he wasn\'t able

00:43:01.530 --> 00:43:05.666
to access wood that had been imported
and he was really upset about it,

00:43:05.666 --> 00:43:09.390
so that revealed to me that he had
a huge financial interest.

00:43:09.390 --> 00:43:12.543
I think at one point he asked
to be compensated,

00:43:12.543 --> 00:43:16.833
because basically he realized that
he was out a whole bunch of money.

00:43:19.751 --> 00:43:21.581
They said that it was legal,

00:43:21.581 --> 00:43:25.414
because there were CONAF\'s
Free Transit guides. Well and...

00:43:25.414 --> 00:43:27.938
... it was known that Lagomarsino...

00:43:27.938 --> 00:43:30.741
...practically order to destroy the mountain.

00:43:31.071 --> 00:43:32.985
For me today, the Alerce...

00:43:33.511 --> 00:43:35.081
is untouchable.

00:43:35.081 --> 00:43:37.088
I would never do that again:

00:43:37.535 --> 00:43:40.528
to saw an Alerce tree.

00:44:19.208 --> 00:44:20.843
The business is perfect,

00:44:20.843 --> 00:44:23.873
because loggers have free timber,

00:44:24.643 --> 00:44:29.568
exporters have land that
they do not have to lease,

00:44:29.568 --> 00:44:32.920
they do not have to pay, and you also have

00:44:32.920 --> 00:44:34.499
exporters

00:44:34.499 --> 00:44:36.751
who pay the police officers
to look away.

00:44:36.980 --> 00:44:39.019
But there were documents

00:44:39.542 --> 00:44:41.262
to establish that

00:44:41.262 --> 00:44:43.322
there could be an organization...

00:44:44.348 --> 00:44:46.195
... or illegal association.

00:44:46.985 --> 00:44:50.145
I suddenly cough,
so I have to have this water.

00:44:51.275 --> 00:44:53.075
It is an allergic cough,

00:44:53.965 --> 00:44:56.185
allergic to this country.

00:44:58.485 --> 00:45:02.355
We tried to prove an illicit association.

00:45:02.745 --> 00:45:06.279
We managed to appoint a
special prosecutor,

00:45:06.279 --> 00:45:09.154
because of the public exposure
of the matter.

00:45:09.625 --> 00:45:11.783
And he opened four volumes.

00:45:12.512 --> 00:45:14.112
Volume A.

00:45:14.112 --> 00:45:20.589
It referred to the falsification and
malicious use of Free Transit Guides.

00:45:20.589 --> 00:45:22.931
And this involved the police.

00:45:22.931 --> 00:45:24.213
These police officers...

00:45:24.213 --> 00:45:26.036
... were convicted.

00:45:27.167 --> 00:45:28.247
Volume B.

00:45:28.247 --> 00:45:29.967
Bribery crime,

00:45:29.967 --> 00:45:33.327
those who were involved
in the alleged illicit association

00:45:33.327 --> 00:45:35.717
had paid to the police,

00:45:35.717 --> 00:45:38.127
but we could not prove that.

00:45:38.127 --> 00:45:39.797
Volume C.

00:45:39.797 --> 00:45:42.197
The loggers

00:45:42.197 --> 00:45:45.427
were acquitted

00:45:45.427 --> 00:45:47.147
of the crime of robbery,

00:45:47.147 --> 00:45:51.657
but these same people were
convicted of the crime of theft.

00:45:51.657 --> 00:45:53.707
Why theft?

00:45:53.707 --> 00:45:56.647
Because theft involves violence,

00:45:56.647 --> 00:45:59.297
and robbery is silent.

00:45:59.297 --> 00:46:01.501
Someone was logging inside,
and that truck,

00:46:01.501 --> 00:46:04.711
without forcing anyone,
without breaking fences,

00:46:04.711 --> 00:46:05.995
took them away.

00:46:05.995 --> 00:46:07.362
And strangely...

00:46:08.206 --> 00:46:09.937
... nobody saw it.

00:46:10.398 --> 00:46:13.743
Hard not to realize that on the truck...

00:46:14.942 --> 00:46:17.040
those dinosaurs are going by.

00:46:18.761 --> 00:46:22.410
And the former mayor
of Fresia was also accused.

00:46:22.410 --> 00:46:25.910
He was convicted as the author
of the crime of receiving

00:46:25.910 --> 00:46:28.511
to the penalty of 21 days in prison.

00:46:28.721 --> 00:46:33.591
The loggers, I know them:
\"You logged, perfect, condemned.\".

00:46:34.631 --> 00:46:37.892
But the question is: that logger,
who did he work for?

00:46:37.892 --> 00:46:40.022
That truck driver, who did he work for?

00:46:40.022 --> 00:46:44.582
That man who transported the wood
to Casablanca, who did he work for?

00:46:46.450 --> 00:46:48.140
Here comes what hurts me:

00:46:48.140 --> 00:46:50.695
the Court repeals,

00:46:50.695 --> 00:46:52.573
the sentence that condemned

00:46:52.573 --> 00:46:54.709
those of the illegal association,

00:46:55.250 --> 00:46:57.093
the Mayor,

00:46:57.093 --> 00:46:58.979
Lagomarsino,

00:46:58.979 --> 00:47:04.019
Omar Cárdenas, Daniel Vergara
and María Alba Nieto Pacheco.

00:47:14.166 --> 00:47:17.098
It is clear that when I am accused,

00:47:18.128 --> 00:47:20.008
with propaganda,

00:47:21.128 --> 00:47:22.828
with written propaganda,

00:47:22.828 --> 00:47:26.379
a statement from the
president of that time,

00:47:26.379 --> 00:47:29.448
from the State Defense Council,
who says: \"Forestal Sarao

00:47:29.448 --> 00:47:32.388
and his workers are
involved in this mess. \"

00:47:33.644 --> 00:47:38.410
We are condemned, Forestal Sarao,
to pay a fine of 7.5 billion pesos

00:47:38.410 --> 00:47:40.890
for damage that we did not do.

00:47:41.708 --> 00:47:45.777
This is the same as when
someone robs your house

00:47:47.495 --> 00:47:50.345
and you are guilty for not...

00:47:52.672 --> 00:47:55.652
... for not preventing the theft
in your home.

00:47:56.808 --> 00:47:58.838
I can\'t understand.

00:47:59.652 --> 00:48:01.590
Such a...

00:48:02.692 --> 00:48:04.960
Forestal Sarao sues CONAF,

00:48:06.802 --> 00:48:09.451
for not having inspected

00:48:09.451 --> 00:48:11.321
and preventing

00:48:11.321 --> 00:48:13.081
this from happening on their property.

00:48:13.592 --> 00:48:16.802
Is it possible to not have known
what was happening in your property

00:48:16.802 --> 00:48:20.599
if there was a wide road
back and forth for trucks?

00:48:20.599 --> 00:48:22.462
There was a sawmill...

00:48:22.762 --> 00:48:26.758
It was easier to attack Comandary,
to finally convict him

00:48:26.758 --> 00:48:28.772
and take his the property.

00:48:29.322 --> 00:48:32.938
We have that guarantee, but the
property isn\'t economically valuable.

00:48:33.556 --> 00:48:35.306
We do not get anything with having it,

00:48:35.965 --> 00:48:39.598
because it is a property where there is a lot of Alerce,

00:48:39.598 --> 00:48:42.448
so nobody is going to buy it
because they can\'t do anything with it.

00:48:42.998 --> 00:48:45.191
So it\'s like having an air balloon.

00:48:54.085 --> 00:48:57.025
I wonder: if the State Defense Council

00:48:57.025 --> 00:48:59.302
had the power to investigate

00:48:59.302 --> 00:49:01.250
the international thread

00:49:01.250 --> 00:49:02.780
with Penberthy and others ...

00:49:03.380 --> 00:49:05.610
Did the State Defense Council
do something?

00:49:05.610 --> 00:49:09.825
For example, did the IRS investigate
Frank Penberthy,

00:49:09.825 --> 00:49:11.659
internationally and nationally?

00:49:11.659 --> 00:49:12.505
No.

00:49:12.505 --> 00:49:16.026
What I mean is that we found out
about Penberthy,

00:49:16.026 --> 00:49:19.702
but we could have arrived
to other twenty names

00:49:19.702 --> 00:49:21.856
of the illegal trade.

00:49:21.856 --> 00:49:24.396
That investigation failed.

00:49:24.396 --> 00:49:28.013
I vaguely remember that

00:49:28.013 --> 00:49:31.486
a storage warehouse was
detected near Casablanca.

00:49:32.416 --> 00:49:34.807
We also searched

00:49:35.557 --> 00:49:37.388
for dispatches of Alerce

00:49:38.087 --> 00:49:40.837
to the United States and Europe,

00:49:40.837 --> 00:49:42.934
but it was not possible to prove

00:49:42.934 --> 00:49:45.337
that they were the same Alerces.

00:49:48.150 --> 00:49:49.846
Justice has not worked,

00:49:51.067 --> 00:49:52.797
people keeps logging,

00:49:52.797 --> 00:49:55.856
Alerce trafficking still exists,

00:49:56.997 --> 00:50:00.997
The force of illegal exploiters
is brutal:

00:50:01.597 --> 00:50:03.425
they threaten your life.

00:50:04.507 --> 00:50:06.612
There is nothing that can be done,

00:50:06.612 --> 00:50:07.564
except

00:50:08.364 --> 00:50:10.917
to go directly with a cannon,

00:50:10.917 --> 00:50:12.097
and eliminate them,

00:50:12.097 --> 00:50:14.255
which cannot be done
because it is illegal.

00:50:14.627 --> 00:50:17.462
I would like to take a tree
and put it in my house,

00:50:18.147 --> 00:50:19.446
to have something,

00:50:19.446 --> 00:50:21.747
because there will be no more.

00:50:24.165 --> 00:50:26.403
[What if we could find today,
who these buyers were?]

00:50:28.393 --> 00:50:30.323
[Could they have been charged with
some kind of ...?]

00:50:30.323 --> 00:50:34.653
Yes. Justice is quite
transnational today.

00:50:36.592 --> 00:50:40.281
It would have been harder to follow
responsibilities,

00:50:40.281 --> 00:50:41.151
But...

00:50:41.151 --> 00:50:43.442
Let\'s see, why are you so
interested in this?

00:50:43.442 --> 00:50:45.254
What happened, happened. That\'s it.