00:02:05.792 --> 00:02:08.086
What you see out here

00:02:08.128 --> 00:02:11.881
is less then 1% of the species
that have been on the planet.

00:02:12.173 --> 00:02:15.593
99.9% of them are extinct.

00:02:16.052 --> 00:02:18.805
The failures are in the fossil record.

00:02:25.019 --> 00:02:27.647
What has survived

00:02:27.939 --> 00:02:35.155
is highly, highly honed over
3.8 billion years of natural selection.

00:02:35.155 --> 00:02:38.116
Which is a really good optimization engine.

00:02:45.415 --> 00:02:51.171
What we see out there
is actually very life-friendly.

00:02:53.256 --> 00:03:02.974
It enhances survival, individual survival, but it also
enhances the system that keeps the organism alive.

00:03:03.099 --> 00:03:09.272
These solutions have to live
as part of the natural system.

00:03:19.741 --> 00:03:23.411
You can't have a solution that creates problems.

00:03:28.875 --> 00:03:34.130
And if you do, it doesn't, you know,
it doesn't get chosen by natural selection.

00:03:39.719 --> 00:03:44.182
We haven't put life at the
center of our decision making.

00:04:22.011 --> 00:04:27.141
We visited the Ashaninka at a
very pivotal time in their history.

00:04:28.142 --> 00:04:35.233
Not sure it's a story Benki would want to have told,
but it was definitely an affecting story to me.

00:04:43.741 --> 00:04:47.954
AMAZON RAINFOREST

00:04:51.666 --> 00:04:55.378
We would walk through the jungle,

00:04:56.462 --> 00:05:01.968
and I would say "What's that?",
and I would point to an individual organism,

00:05:01.968 --> 00:05:09.225
expecting what we do, in western industrial culture,
he would give me the name of the organism.

00:05:11.102 --> 00:05:13.896
And instead he would say...

00:05:14.397 --> 00:05:21.404
This is the monkey that eats
the fruit, that plants the seed,

00:05:21.404 --> 00:05:29.245
for that tree, where
the lyrebird has its nest,

00:05:29.245 --> 00:05:34.334
where the insects burrow.

00:05:35.251 --> 00:05:40.673
Any time I would ask him,
he would draw this map of relationships.

00:05:42.258 --> 00:05:46.095
That's really true ecology, right?

00:05:50.558 --> 00:05:57.899
There's almost no such thing as an individual, in the
sense that "where do you separate you from your biome?"

00:06:04.655 --> 00:06:07.825
We can call too.

00:06:26.844 --> 00:06:30.556
I hear a thrush.

00:06:36.562 --> 00:06:40.233
There’s another bird, a dorminhoco.

00:06:46.948 --> 00:06:50.785
A frog was singing over there...

00:07:06.175 --> 00:07:11.931
Here in our village, there are some
Ashaninka who don’t have contact with outsiders.

00:07:13.224 --> 00:07:17.728
They can tell: “Ah, that
Ashaninka is from this or that region.”

00:07:17.770 --> 00:07:22.275
If someone is from Peru,
they know because he has a different smell.

00:07:22.358 --> 00:07:24.777
If he is from Brazil, he has a different smell.

00:07:27.655 --> 00:07:32.618
They know the smell of a pig,
a tapir, a deer, a monkey.

00:07:48.342 --> 00:07:51.929
Lots of people spend the
whole day at school, writing,

00:07:51.929 --> 00:07:54.849
only working with their minds.

00:07:54.849 --> 00:07:59.937
They forget about the spirit,
they forget nature,

00:08:00.104 --> 00:08:04.233
because they have to learn
what they’re told to learn.

00:08:04.942 --> 00:08:10.865
So these people start to forget who they are.

00:08:13.993 --> 00:08:17.788
When you search for what is inside
yourself, within your people,

00:08:17.788 --> 00:08:19.957
based on ancient knowledge,

00:08:19.999 --> 00:08:24.045
you see written words as just a tool.

00:08:24.253 --> 00:08:26.506
They are not the world.

00:08:52.365 --> 00:09:00.122
The white man opened a world inside his spirit,

00:09:00.998 --> 00:09:03.459
in order to dominate the Earth,

00:09:03.626 --> 00:09:06.504
to dominate the beings on Earth.

00:09:06.963 --> 00:09:09.674
He developed science

00:09:10.716 --> 00:09:15.930
and this science brings us a huge problem.

00:09:20.560 --> 00:09:25.356
All this development brings a spiritual fragility,

00:09:25.356 --> 00:09:29.902
because some people believe, while others
don’t have faith in anything anymore.

00:09:30.653 --> 00:09:36.993
For some people, it's easier to believe
in a machine than to believe in nature.

00:09:38.369 --> 00:09:42.498
Today nature is revealing a little to humanity,

00:09:42.623 --> 00:09:46.043
Nobody has power like she does.
Nobody.

00:09:51.340 --> 00:09:55.553
She can destroy all this with a breath.

00:10:08.065 --> 00:10:11.777
It begins with this quieting human cleverness,

00:10:12.278 --> 00:10:18.409
and this humility that we
may not know everything.

00:10:19.577 --> 00:10:22.622
So that's the beginning
of biomimicry.

00:10:25.875 --> 00:10:31.797
To even just think about a tree as not
just something that you lean against,

00:10:31.797 --> 00:10:36.052
or get shade from, or make into
baseball bats at the end of its life...

00:10:36.427 --> 00:10:43.142
But you begin to think of it as "Oh, my god, it's
lifting, you know, thousands of gallons of water,"

00:10:43.142 --> 00:10:48.147
"up from its roots, silently, with no motors."

00:10:51.108 --> 00:10:53.778
How is that happening?

00:11:01.369 --> 00:11:10.336
How is it happening that all of those leaves are
slightly tilting, in a slight way, to maximize solar gain?

00:11:10.711 --> 00:11:14.298
Those are also cooling devices,
each of those leaves.

00:11:14.298 --> 00:11:19.261
And each of those leaves have veins in
them, they're distribution networks for fluids.

00:11:19.261 --> 00:11:22.598
And if you look at the
mathematics of those veins,

00:11:23.307 --> 00:11:25.142
there's something called
the "Murray's Law".

00:11:25.142 --> 00:11:32.149
As it breaks into two, it drops down in diameter,
and then as it breaks into two again, it drops down in diameter.

00:11:32.733 --> 00:11:39.365
And thats exactly a mathematical
formula that also describes your lungs,

00:11:39.907 --> 00:11:43.703
your blood vessels,
all roots,

00:11:44.870 --> 00:11:46.288
branches,

00:11:47.081 --> 00:11:49.166
the veins in leaves...

00:11:50.876 --> 00:11:53.421
I mean, it's just amazing!

00:12:03.013 --> 00:12:08.227
If you can teach somebody that, they'll
never look at that tree in the same way.

00:12:09.562 --> 00:12:16.861
That is, mathematically, the most optimal way
to transport fluids to a three-dimensional space.

00:12:16.861 --> 00:12:21.282
Why our pluming doesn't look like
that in our buildings is beyond me.

00:12:30.666 --> 00:12:33.627
It's because we
didn't learn that, right?

00:12:46.265 --> 00:12:48.851
Oh, see the strand,
way over there?

00:12:49.101 --> 00:12:51.854
Oh, wow!

00:12:52.188 --> 00:12:54.023
Oh, my gosh!

00:12:54.565 --> 00:12:56.567
Aerial plankton.

00:13:00.154 --> 00:13:01.614
Here's one!

00:13:02.281 --> 00:13:05.409
There's one here. They're putting out single strands.

00:13:05.409 --> 00:13:06.869
They're coming off that tree.

00:13:07.745 --> 00:13:09.830
Those are spiders on the move!

00:13:09.997 --> 00:13:11.957
Wow, look at everything!

00:13:12.541 --> 00:13:14.293
In the air,
look at them!

00:13:14.460 --> 00:13:17.254
There are baby spiders
hanging from those strands.

00:13:17.254 --> 00:13:21.967
And they'll get ballooned, they'll get taken to
some other place. That's how they spread.

00:13:21.967 --> 00:13:23.177
Wow!

00:13:25.012 --> 00:13:27.264
Those are ballooning spiders.

00:13:27.264 --> 00:13:29.350
I always kind of that thought they would be horizontal.

00:13:29.350 --> 00:13:31.769
But they're vertical, they're just like flying this way...

00:13:36.315 --> 00:13:41.946
It's about regarding nature in a new way.
Viewing and valuing nature in a new way.

00:13:41.946 --> 00:13:45.699
So, regard. The French word
"regard", to see again.

00:13:46.075 --> 00:13:51.038
And to see something with
respect, because it's so...

00:13:51.038 --> 00:13:53.791
incredibly...

00:13:54.124 --> 00:13:56.961
well designed for its function.

00:13:56.961 --> 00:14:02.091
And its function is not just itself,
its function is being a good...

00:14:02.883 --> 00:14:04.134
...neighbor.

00:14:20.276 --> 00:14:22.611
Woo-hoo!!!

00:14:22.611 --> 00:14:24.947
The simple things in life!

00:14:26.031 --> 00:14:28.450
When your Westfalia turns on!

00:14:38.961 --> 00:14:43.966
Bitterroot Mountains

00:14:52.391 --> 00:14:57.146
There was a really pivotal
summer of my life,

00:14:57.146 --> 00:14:58.606
I think I was...

00:14:59.148 --> 00:15:01.150
I think I was twelve.

00:15:06.739 --> 00:15:11.577
When I think of it now, it was suburban
New Jersey, at the edge of the suburbs.

00:15:12.369 --> 00:15:16.373
And I would go out, you
know, in the morning,

00:15:16.373 --> 00:15:20.878
And I'd go to this field, where there
were wild berries and wild asparagus...

00:15:21.295 --> 00:15:23.172
Beautiful forrest!

00:15:23.172 --> 00:15:25.633
Little stream running through...

00:15:28.844 --> 00:15:32.681
And I decided, this one summer,
that I was gonna, hmmm...

00:15:32.681 --> 00:15:34.391
Well, many summers, actually.

00:15:34.391 --> 00:15:35.768
I was gonna get to know it.

00:15:35.768 --> 00:15:37.603
Like know everybody who lived there.

00:15:37.603 --> 00:15:39.855
Like in "The Wind in the Willows" kind of way.

00:15:40.940 --> 00:15:44.944
Where do the rabbits
- the cotton-tail rabbits -

00:15:44.944 --> 00:15:47.154
where do they have their nest?

00:15:47.154 --> 00:15:49.531
Where do they have their babies?

00:15:49.573 --> 00:15:54.036
So I would crawl all
over this field, quietly,

00:15:54.036 --> 00:15:56.246
quietly... and then I'd find them, and they...

00:15:56.246 --> 00:15:58.874
Oh, my God, like, if you take the time...

00:15:58.874 --> 00:16:02.753
And then I'd see butterflies and I would say
"I wonder where their cocoons are."

00:16:02.753 --> 00:16:06.173
So that I can watch when the
cocoons would come out, right?

00:16:07.841 --> 00:16:10.010
I got to know them!

00:16:10.427 --> 00:16:13.180
As a neighborhood.

00:16:14.431 --> 00:16:18.811
And, literally, like the bell would ring
and it would be dinner time.

00:16:18.811 --> 00:16:21.939
And it would be
like no time had past.

00:16:36.745 --> 00:16:39.957
So, this one summer I saw new prints.

00:16:41.333 --> 00:16:45.421
And they were prints
about this big of a boot.

00:16:46.922 --> 00:16:48.257
"What is this?"

00:16:48.674 --> 00:16:51.135
I walked a little further,
I found another one.

00:16:51.927 --> 00:16:55.014
And I found another one,
and I found another one.

00:17:00.519 --> 00:17:02.938
It was a street layout.

00:17:02.980 --> 00:17:05.858
I watched the whole asphalt go down,

00:17:05.858 --> 00:17:08.527
big guys in these roller trucks, and...

00:17:08.527 --> 00:17:11.822
putting the asphalt down. And the smell, the heat, and the...

00:17:11.822 --> 00:17:14.783
And I just sat there, like a
little rabbit, you know.

00:17:14.783 --> 00:17:16.785
In the bushes.

00:17:19.913 --> 00:17:23.876
And that summer,
I watched them bulldoze...

00:17:24.084 --> 00:17:26.003
the entire field.

00:17:27.004 --> 00:17:28.630
All these animals running.

00:17:28.630 --> 00:17:30.257
It was terrible.

00:17:34.386 --> 00:17:38.724
And they put down something
that was not of the same value.

00:17:50.402 --> 00:17:52.321
Check out the striders.

00:17:58.744 --> 00:18:02.956
Oh, that's cool!
Some of them are resting on some grass.

00:18:07.836 --> 00:18:10.464
If they knew what I knew...

00:18:11.381 --> 00:18:13.675
We would find a
different way to do it.

00:18:18.180 --> 00:18:22.976
That's when I realized
that I wanted to write about

00:18:22.976 --> 00:18:26.522
how amazing these organisms are.

00:18:44.832 --> 00:18:47.417
It’s going to clear up.

00:18:51.338 --> 00:18:53.674
The sun’s already coming out.

00:18:59.972 --> 00:19:02.975
Atlantic Rainforest
Lumiar, Brazil

00:19:20.784 --> 00:19:25.706
We just need to take some pictures
of the signal grass and of the forest.

00:19:25.706 --> 00:19:34.298
Working on the presentation yesterday,
I noticed we’re missing shots that show this context, right?

00:19:34.298 --> 00:19:37.176
Yeah, I think we need lots of photos of the signal grass.

00:19:38.468 --> 00:19:43.265
Because they pretty much understand the forest.

00:19:44.308 --> 00:19:48.145
Speak English with him there.
- Hi, there! Hey, sir!

00:19:54.568 --> 00:19:58.655
The population today of Lumiar,
where I grew up, is 5000 people,

00:19:58.655 --> 00:20:03.869
but 30, 40 years ago it
was just 1000 people.

00:20:04.786 --> 00:20:09.333
We only got telephones when I was 12, 14 years old...

00:20:10.709 --> 00:20:14.338
This is a small town, but I had a lot of freedom.

00:20:14.338 --> 00:20:16.632
I did everything by myself, rode a bicycle since I was little,

00:20:16.673 --> 00:20:19.843
going all over the place,
everyone knew each other.

00:20:23.680 --> 00:20:29.353
Because it is so well preserved,
a heart of virgin Atlantic Forest,

00:20:29.353 --> 00:20:33.815
I have had this contact with
nature since I was a little kid.

00:20:34.608 --> 00:20:36.568
- And the vultures fading into the sky...

00:20:41.990 --> 00:20:45.577
I remember that time you said
"Get up there, it’s take-off time!"

00:20:45.577 --> 00:20:48.330
- When I got here, it was windy...

00:20:48.413 --> 00:20:51.375
- And then, half an hour later, the wind was gone.

00:21:04.972 --> 00:21:08.392
- Look at how the smoke is rising down there.

00:21:10.352 --> 00:21:12.020
- Kind of drifting that way?

00:21:12.312 --> 00:21:13.772
- It’s pushing that way.

00:21:13.814 --> 00:21:16.400
- Down there, the thermals are pushing it, see?

00:21:16.483 --> 00:21:19.194
- And then, up high, it comes back.

00:22:00.235 --> 00:22:06.158
When you start to see our planet
from above, from a different angle,

00:22:06.158 --> 00:22:11.163
you start to understand the extent of our land, of our planet.

00:22:11.163 --> 00:22:13.874
These areas are huge.

00:22:17.794 --> 00:22:22.299
I remember once, I flew way up
above the ramp, some 5,000 feet,

00:22:22.299 --> 00:22:24.509
all the way into the clouds.

00:22:25.093 --> 00:22:30.098
And I saw that vastness,
that sea of deforested mountains.

00:22:30.140 --> 00:22:34.895
It all used to be dark green,
thriving, Atlantic Rainforest.

00:22:34.936 --> 00:22:38.648
Today it’s a green desert
of signal grass, abandoned,

00:22:38.690 --> 00:22:44.905
because they are mountainous regions, left to the void.

00:22:46.239 --> 00:22:49.534
I don’t know much about agriculture,
I studied design,

00:22:49.701 --> 00:22:53.413
but when I understood these dimensions...

00:22:53.538 --> 00:22:55.707
Something clicked, and I said:

00:22:55.832 --> 00:22:59.503
“I want to reforest these areas in a revolutionary way,

00:22:59.544 --> 00:23:06.134
maybe by aerial dispersion,
in a way that no one’s thought of before.”

00:23:06.635 --> 00:23:13.392
So I started to study the Anemochory,
the plants whose seeds are dispersed by wind.

00:23:14.726 --> 00:23:18.105
They have different flying strategies.

00:23:18.146 --> 00:23:22.734
Some of them function like a parachute.

00:23:24.444 --> 00:23:26.696
It's like 100 feet up in a tree.

00:23:26.738 --> 00:23:30.909
And instead of taking just a second to fall,
it takes ten.

00:23:31.118 --> 00:23:36.706
And in these 10 seconds, assisted by
the wind, it’s going to land far away.

00:23:36.748 --> 00:23:40.585
Its ability to glide makes this possible.

00:23:41.837 --> 00:23:43.839
That really inspired me!

00:23:43.964 --> 00:23:52.305
It’s very light, and it fulfills this role,
which is to land far away from its mother,

00:23:52.305 --> 00:23:54.766
which is the matrix of that tree.

00:23:54.850 --> 00:23:58.603
It doesn’t make sense for it to
grow at the foot of its mother.

00:23:58.895 --> 00:24:00.480
To prosper...

00:24:00.480 --> 00:24:03.567
If a tree lives for 500 years,

00:24:03.650 --> 00:24:08.447
the more it can spread her seeds,
the better, right?

00:24:18.248 --> 00:24:23.795
This was the first biomimetic aspect
in our product development.

00:24:24.421 --> 00:24:28.425
The second definitely was the
leaf litter on the forest floor.

00:24:28.508 --> 00:24:33.305
And the third bioinspiration
were the bromeliads.

00:24:53.033 --> 00:24:55.660
The thing about biomimetic inventors

00:24:55.994 --> 00:24:58.371
is that once a biomimic,
always a biomimic.

00:24:59.080 --> 00:25:00.373
That, I've seen!

00:25:02.584 --> 00:25:05.879
Once and engineer, or an inventor,
has learned in this way

00:25:06.338 --> 00:25:08.965
they will always turn to
the natural world for ideas.

00:25:14.012 --> 00:25:16.473
How would you reinvent some part of
our world, with nature as your model?

00:25:34.115 --> 00:25:38.453
TAMBA PLATEAU
KYOTO, JAPAN

00:25:47.671 --> 00:25:49.214
When I was young,

00:25:49.214 --> 00:25:54.970
I liked to walk in nature,
in the mountains.

00:25:58.390 --> 00:26:02.394
My father used to do that.

00:26:02.644 --> 00:26:04.980
He hunted animals.

00:26:06.648 --> 00:26:09.568
And we even had a dog,
a hunting dog,

00:26:09.734 --> 00:26:13.613
a setter or something like that.

00:26:17.742 --> 00:26:21.246
We would go to the mountains
often, and shoot together.

00:26:21.288 --> 00:26:24.332
We were the kind of people who killed birds.

00:26:24.374 --> 00:26:29.170
Well, I wasn’t a defender of wild
birds, nothing like that.

00:26:29.212 --> 00:26:33.008
I can’t say that I was a naturalist.

00:26:35.260 --> 00:26:38.471
I have this memory of my childhood.

00:26:52.360 --> 00:26:55.196
Later on, I chose to be an engineer

00:26:55.238 --> 00:26:56.948
because my father... How can I say it?

00:26:58.074 --> 00:27:01.286
He was a kind of technician.
Actually, a craftsman.

00:27:02.579 --> 00:27:07.417
And I wanted to work for a company
with a presence all over Japan,

00:27:07.417 --> 00:27:10.003
so I chose the Japanese National Railways.

00:27:24.225 --> 00:27:31.650
I’m going to start my talk with what I
learned from the owl and the kingfisher,

00:27:31.691 --> 00:27:37.572
in order to redesign the
Shinkansen 500 bullet train.

00:27:37.614 --> 00:27:43.119
My challenge was the San-yo train line Shinkansen.

00:27:43.161 --> 00:27:47.540
JR's goal was to reach
350km/h with the Shinkansen.

00:27:47.582 --> 00:27:52.921
This was in the first year of the Heisei Era (1989),
around thirty years ago.

00:27:53.129 --> 00:27:56.216
We will talk about another problem we faced,

00:27:56.257 --> 00:27:59.260
which we call the "tunnel boom"

00:27:59.594 --> 00:28:03.139
because of the air pressure.

00:28:03.181 --> 00:28:09.854
Anyone who has ridden the Shinkansen,
has felt discomfort in their ears, right?

00:28:10.188 --> 00:28:15.610
When the train speeds into a tunnel,
it causes great friction in the air.

00:28:15.610 --> 00:28:22.450
This creates an air wave that
moves forward at the speed of sound.

00:28:25.036 --> 00:28:31.626
Back then, I used to say we would "surpass
nature," "overcome nature," things like that.

00:28:33.962 --> 00:28:40.301
“Go beyond, defeat nature…”
Later, I was sorry to have said this.

00:28:50.103 --> 00:28:53.356
At that time, I attended a lecture

00:28:53.356 --> 00:28:57.569
by Mr. Yajima about the
flight of birds and airplanes.

00:28:57.610 --> 00:29:01.030
I told him that I was trying to
increase the speed of the Shinkansen,

00:29:01.030 --> 00:29:03.533
and that the biggest problems were
the boom and noise pollution.

00:29:03.533 --> 00:29:06.286
Without hesitating,
Mr. Yajima responded

00:29:06.327 --> 00:29:10.749
that the owl is the bird
that flies most silently.

00:29:14.836 --> 00:29:18.047
This became very meaningful to me.

00:29:21.426 --> 00:29:29.225
After this, I joined the Japanese Association for the
Defense of Birds and I took up bird watching.

00:29:53.583 --> 00:29:58.379
I just thought intuitively that the form
of the kingfisher would work.

00:30:16.231 --> 00:30:23.112
The redesign of the Shinkansen was
totally based on trial and error.

00:30:23.112 --> 00:30:28.535
And in the end, we have decided for a
format that is just like a kingfisher.

00:30:43.258 --> 00:30:47.595
10?ster

00:30:48.805 --> 00:30:53.685
15% less energy

00:31:05.655 --> 00:31:09.158
- Do you know the oldest train
line still in operation today?

00:31:10.159 --> 00:31:12.203
- The first one in Japan

00:31:12.328 --> 00:31:14.581
was between Tokyo and Shimbashi.

00:31:14.664 --> 00:31:17.500
From Shimbashi to Yokohama, more precisely.

00:31:17.542 --> 00:31:20.712
Haven't you heard the song that goes
“The steam whistle sounds in Shimbashi”?

00:31:20.712 --> 00:31:21.337
- No, I haven't.

00:31:21.337 --> 00:31:24.299
- [sings] “The steam whistle sounds in Shimbashi...”

00:31:24.340 --> 00:31:27.135
- Oh... I've heard that!
- "Hurry, my train is pulling out…”

00:31:27.176 --> 00:31:28.678
It's called “The Railroad Song”.

00:31:28.720 --> 00:31:32.974
So the Yokohama/Shimbashi
line was the first of all.

00:31:34.559 --> 00:31:37.729
[reading] Japanese Shinkansen... 300 km/hr...

00:31:37.770 --> 00:31:41.107
Not only the structure got stronger
and more resistant, but it also lighter.

00:31:41.107 --> 00:31:43.985
‘Aluminum Honeycomb’ was used
for its acoustic insulation.

00:31:44.027 --> 00:31:45.987
“Aluminum Honeycomb” is...

00:31:47.614 --> 00:31:49.991
Do you know where the
honey is kept in a beehive?

00:31:49.991 --> 00:31:52.201
“Honeycomb” is the English word for that.

00:31:52.327 --> 00:31:54.579
"Honey" is the English word for honey.

00:31:54.621 --> 00:31:58.625
Inside here they use a material with cavities,

00:31:58.625 --> 00:32:00.960
which allowed it to be very light.

00:32:01.711 --> 00:32:04.923
- And do you know why it was so long?
- I think I know.

00:32:05.757 --> 00:32:07.592
- To let the wind pass?

00:32:07.634 --> 00:32:12.263
When the train enters a tunnel at high speed,

00:32:12.263 --> 00:32:16.476
it makes a huge noise when it comes out of the tunnel.

00:32:16.517 --> 00:32:19.020
This is called the “piston effect.”

00:32:19.062 --> 00:32:24.817
So to prevent this, we made the front
of the train like this, really long.

00:32:25.026 --> 00:32:27.195
Have you heard of the kingfisher bird?

00:32:27.236 --> 00:32:29.739
It dives into the water, right?

00:32:29.739 --> 00:32:36.329
When the train enters the tunnel, it faces
strong resistance from the environment, like the bird.

00:32:36.371 --> 00:32:40.124
And the kingfisher’s beak is shaped
to reduce this resistance, right?

00:32:40.166 --> 00:32:44.420
We tried to make a shape like the kingfisher’s beak.

00:33:01.396 --> 00:33:02.605
Twenty years ago

00:33:03.815 --> 00:33:05.358
there was no word that described
nature-inspired innovation.

00:33:10.863 --> 00:33:16.285
I assumed that one of the first places an
inventor would look is the natural world.

00:33:16.953 --> 00:33:21.749
Because to me, it was obvious that the
natural world was filled with these solutions.

00:33:23.042 --> 00:33:26.295
So I began to ask.
There must be a field.

00:33:26.754 --> 00:33:30.383
In which, you know,
biologists work with inventors.

00:33:30.925 --> 00:33:32.051
And there wasn't.

00:33:36.389 --> 00:33:41.477
And, as far as I could tell, there were no
industries that had biologists at their design tables.

00:33:42.228 --> 00:33:46.941
So I said "Alright. Well then, every time I find
an article that points to this

00:33:46.941 --> 00:33:51.738
"in the slightest way, I'll collect these things".
- I was working on another book -

00:33:52.697 --> 00:33:57.493
I wrote the book as a story.
Stories of those scientists.

00:34:08.421 --> 00:34:12.175
So I wrote this book,
and the phone started ringing.

00:34:13.760 --> 00:34:15.845
And it was industry.

00:34:20.349 --> 00:34:21.476
It was Nike,

00:34:21.976 --> 00:34:24.437
Patagonia,
G.E.,

00:34:24.771 --> 00:34:27.607
Herman Miller,
General Mills,

00:34:27.690 --> 00:34:28.983
Levis.

00:34:29.067 --> 00:34:32.195
They were calling me and saying:

00:34:32.278 --> 00:34:35.448
"We are inventing everyday. Could you send
some biologists over, to work at our design table?"

00:34:37.408 --> 00:34:42.205
And I was basically, you know, a writer,
sitting in my pajamas writing... books!

00:34:43.247 --> 00:34:47.335
I just kept saying
"I'm sorry, I don't have biologists."

00:34:50.880 --> 00:34:54.092
And then I got a call from this
young woman, Dayna Baumeister.

00:34:54.550 --> 00:34:56.177
And she said:

00:34:56.511 --> 00:35:00.348
"I just read your book
and I shook for three days."

00:35:00.973 --> 00:35:04.227
"And I'm afraid that if I don't do
something larger with my life,"

00:35:04.435 --> 00:35:09.273
"there will be no habitat left, and my
studying of it will not be all that important."

00:35:10.233 --> 00:35:13.486
"And so I wanna do this.
I want to do biomimicry."

00:35:13.569 --> 00:35:16.906
And I said:
"What do you mean? There is no 'this'"

00:35:30.086 --> 00:35:33.923
We're the only species
that digs up the Earth's crust

00:35:34.006 --> 00:35:36.384
and then turns it into toxic waste.

00:35:37.426 --> 00:35:40.346
How are other organisms
meeting their needs?

00:35:40.763 --> 00:35:43.558
Have we ever thought of
asking them for advice?

00:35:44.350 --> 00:35:48.938
Janine Benyus has written a book
about people who are doing just that.

00:35:49.772 --> 00:35:53.568
It's called biomimicry.
And it's the process of learning from

00:35:53.860 --> 00:35:55.820
and then emulating life's genius.

00:35:56.362 --> 00:35:59.615
It's based not on what we can
extract from the natural world,

00:35:59.699 --> 00:36:01.367
but on what we can learn from it.

00:36:02.076 --> 00:36:05.329
Life's been on Earth for 3.8 billion years,

00:36:05.621 --> 00:36:08.833
and in that time, life has learned
what works and what fits here.

00:36:10.126 --> 00:36:14.130
Mimicking their designs
and strategies, their recipes,

00:36:14.213 --> 00:36:16.174
could change the way we grow food,

00:36:16.507 --> 00:36:18.676
power ourselves,
conduct business,

00:36:18.759 --> 00:36:20.553
even the way we make our materials.

00:36:20.636 --> 00:36:25.433
It's a discipline. There's places you
can begin to go, and study this in school.

00:36:25.516 --> 00:36:30.021
But it's an ancient practice. And when
we weren't enclosed in these spaces,

00:36:30.104 --> 00:36:34.525
when we weren't walking on brick,
and pavement, and concrete all the time,

00:36:34.609 --> 00:36:39.488
when it was much more obvious
that our survival depended on fitting in,

00:36:39.780 --> 00:36:41.282
we did ask, right?

00:36:41.866 --> 00:36:45.578
So, a big part of biomimicry is remembering.

00:36:46.913 --> 00:36:50.875
And we are very fortunate to have,
as our keynote speaker today,

00:36:50.958 --> 00:36:56.547
the person who really is the visionary
behind biomimicry, Janine Benyus.

00:36:56.631 --> 00:37:00.968
And if you haven't had the chance
to buy her book or don't know it,

00:37:01.052 --> 00:37:02.845
I highly recommend it.

00:37:02.929 --> 00:37:06.682
In '98, she cofounded the world's
first bioinspired consultancy,

00:37:07.016 --> 00:37:10.228
In 2010, she funded Biomimicry 3.8,

00:37:10.353 --> 00:37:15.441
a world leader in biomimicry innovation
consulting. So, most people...

00:37:15.650 --> 00:37:20.571
If a field wants to be born...
Obviously this field wants to be born.

00:37:20.655 --> 00:37:24.325
This discipline, this science,
this innovation practice,

00:37:24.408 --> 00:37:26.244
this movement
- call it what you will -

00:37:26.619 --> 00:37:28.037
but it wants to be born.

00:37:28.496 --> 00:37:31.457
Because I told her:
"These companies are calling."

00:37:31.707 --> 00:37:34.502
And maybe we do need
to do this, whatever this is.

00:37:34.585 --> 00:37:35.920
And so we said, "Well..."

00:37:36.295 --> 00:37:38.297
"we need to create a methodology."

00:38:04.699 --> 00:38:08.077
This workshop is a "discovering
nature's genius" workshop.

00:38:08.369 --> 00:38:13.165
So it's a fluid methodology that can
come out of it from multiple directions.

00:38:13.457 --> 00:38:14.458
MARINO BALLENA NATIONAL PARK
UVITA, COSTA RICA

00:38:14.959 --> 00:38:16.961
But no matter where you come from,

00:38:17.086 --> 00:38:20.089
one of the most important
things is really just

00:38:20.256 --> 00:38:25.219
discovering and making those connections
between what you see in nature,

00:38:25.594 --> 00:38:27.972
and the design process.

00:38:28.055 --> 00:38:29.974
BIOMIMICRY IMMERSION

00:38:30.433 --> 00:38:35.563
So the gist of today is obviously to get
oriented to this place, to each other...

00:38:35.646 --> 00:38:38.524
We're gonna do a series
of exercises this afternoon,

00:38:38.816 --> 00:38:42.903
that will help you
kind of settle in to here.

00:38:42.987 --> 00:38:46.532
Here as home, for the next week.

00:38:46.782 --> 00:38:49.910
And really start to use our senses,

00:38:49.994 --> 00:38:53.789
start to practice our observation skills...

00:38:55.166 --> 00:38:56.459
In a small group,

00:38:56.542 --> 00:39:00.963
you're going to work through
the whole biomimicry thinking approach,

00:39:01.505 --> 00:39:06.135
and create a design from any
organism that you'd like to choose,

00:39:06.218 --> 00:39:08.888
that you've seen and
learned about this week.

00:39:18.898 --> 00:39:25.946
The intersection of so many people
from different disciplines, coming together...

00:39:26.030 --> 00:39:29.450
We get industrial designers, architects,

00:39:29.533 --> 00:39:33.496
educations professionals,
sustainability experts,

00:39:34.121 --> 00:39:36.999
business catalyst, biologist,

00:39:37.083 --> 00:39:42.046
all these different people with different
lenses on the world, coming together.

00:39:42.421 --> 00:39:44.715
It's this amazing synergy,

00:39:44.924 --> 00:39:47.718
that I've seen nowhere else.

00:39:51.305 --> 00:39:53.808
- So, what did you have?
- I have the bird's nest.

00:39:53.891 --> 00:39:55.935
So, of course the strategy is to avoid...

00:39:56.018 --> 00:39:57.812
It's very sophisticated, if you think.

00:39:57.895 --> 00:40:00.981
Integrity at all cost, yeah.
At all cost, exactly.

00:40:01.816 --> 00:40:04.735
The initial function is
the fixation of the nest.
- Yeah.

00:40:04.819 --> 00:40:08.823
So, it's a lot of engineering
to avoid the predators.

00:40:09.281 --> 00:40:12.326
And it's just beautiful!
Beautiful, yeah!

00:40:18.791 --> 00:40:22.378
A lot of what I do, a lot of what
everybody at my company does,

00:40:23.754 --> 00:40:27.216
we reignite that wonder in people.

00:40:31.512 --> 00:40:36.350
- I don't know if other people can feel it,
the attachment mechanism on those toes is amazing!

00:40:36.434 --> 00:40:39.520
- So it crawled up my shirt,
and it got on my neck.

00:40:39.603 --> 00:40:42.606
- And it really... I was, like, ah!

00:40:42.731 --> 00:40:47.027
As we get older, we learn more about engineering
and mechanical things, and... You know!

00:40:47.611 --> 00:40:49.321
But I think, kids...

00:40:50.322 --> 00:40:54.910
Kids are, you know, very easily in awe! Right?

00:40:55.619 --> 00:41:00.207
They're in wonder, they're
amazed by what they're learning.

00:41:07.590 --> 00:41:10.134
Adults haven't done this
since they were kids.

00:41:10.551 --> 00:41:12.219
For a long time, anyway.

00:41:12.303 --> 00:41:15.055
It asks you to look closer,
the way little kids do.

00:41:29.111 --> 00:41:34.283
I'm a big fan of looking for universals
- or ubiquitous - patterns in the natural world.

00:41:34.950 --> 00:41:37.703
Physical patterns, mathematical patterns,

00:41:38.037 --> 00:41:39.663
even behavioral patterns.

00:41:40.080 --> 00:41:43.083
On things that repeat,
over and over and over again.

00:41:43.167 --> 00:41:46.545
Especially if they were
evolved several different times,

00:41:46.879 --> 00:41:48.506
by different organisms,

00:41:50.341 --> 00:41:54.178
that says to me that
that's pointing at a response to...

00:41:55.721 --> 00:41:59.183
some elemental physics
of the Universe, right?

00:42:03.312 --> 00:42:05.648
You hear a lot about the Golden Mean,

00:42:06.732 --> 00:42:10.152
the Sacred Geometry,
the Fibonacci Sequence.

00:42:10.611 --> 00:42:16.492
The reason it was called Sacred Geometry
was that architects would put the ratios

00:42:16.867 --> 00:42:20.829
that you find everywhere in the
natural world into their architecture,

00:42:21.372 --> 00:42:23.541
so that we would be
closer to the divine.

00:42:31.173 --> 00:42:34.009
It's a physical structure

00:42:34.343 --> 00:42:38.931
that responds to the flow of the
soft-bodied organism going inside of it,

00:42:39.014 --> 00:42:41.433
the flow of water and wastes.

00:42:43.519 --> 00:42:45.646
There's also responses to gravity,

00:42:46.313 --> 00:42:47.523
and to wind...

00:42:50.067 --> 00:42:54.572
So, over long periods of time,
life creates these patterns

00:42:55.239 --> 00:42:57.700
that respond to flow without friction.

00:43:00.202 --> 00:43:02.871
And there's a lot of places
where we want to flow...

00:43:02.955 --> 00:43:04.540
We want to move air,

00:43:04.999 --> 00:43:06.584
or move water,

00:43:06.667 --> 00:43:09.795
or have fluids move through a structure,

00:43:10.129 --> 00:43:12.089
and have it have minimal friction.

00:43:27.021 --> 00:43:31.984
Do you maybe see or identify any functions
that are of interest to you in what you do?

00:43:32.985 --> 00:43:36.196
So, any functions that have struck
your interest, that are relevant to you?

00:43:36.864 --> 00:43:38.907
You were talking about the hiding...

00:43:39.199 --> 00:43:42.786
and... so we saw that a lot in the
attachment and in the color of camouflage

00:43:42.870 --> 00:43:45.205
and in that sea slug, too...

00:43:45.331 --> 00:43:48.417
And the I discovered this,
like, tiny, little sea slug,

00:43:48.500 --> 00:43:51.295
that was like... electric colors!

00:43:51.378 --> 00:43:53.839
Like electric blue! And orange!

00:43:53.881 --> 00:43:57.051
And it really stood out from
like everything else!

00:43:58.969 --> 00:44:00.012
The crabs.

00:44:00.846 --> 00:44:04.975
They collapse and expand, depending on the situation.

00:44:05.434 --> 00:44:13.108
That kind of structure could be useful
in some kind of meteorological conditions,

00:44:13.192 --> 00:44:17.446
where you need to collapse because
there is some kind of vulcano, tornado, or...

00:44:17.738 --> 00:44:20.199
Or war!
Yeah!

00:44:20.199 --> 00:44:25.287
Yeah, that's a good function! Any other
exciting functions that people came up with?

00:44:25.621 --> 00:44:30.209
As a pattern, what I saw
was hard shells and soft bodies.

00:44:30.292 --> 00:44:32.961
Hard shells and soft bodies everywhere.

00:44:33.253 --> 00:44:34.630
So, it must have a...

00:44:35.631 --> 00:44:38.884
And it's really...
It's a signature of this environment.

00:44:41.512 --> 00:44:43.806
So, I'm thinking: why?

00:45:33.772 --> 00:45:39.445
BENFICA ROCK
LUMIAR, BRASIL

00:45:40.154 --> 00:45:41.864
- Let's go right, ok?

00:45:42.072 --> 00:45:42.865
- Yeah!

00:45:42.865 --> 00:45:44.658
- Because that's where
there are more bromeliads.

00:45:44.742 --> 00:45:46.243
- This is quite wet.

00:45:46.618 --> 00:45:48.537
- The other will be a bit less.

00:45:51.874 --> 00:45:58.088
Nothing grows on the ground, things grow in the soil,
where there are nutrients, a mixture.

00:45:58.130 --> 00:46:03.427
So, the way leaf litter naturally protects the soil,

00:46:03.427 --> 00:46:07.806
was a super inspiration for the creation
of our Nucleário project,

00:46:07.806 --> 00:46:11.310
and also its form: we are talking about layers.

00:46:11.351 --> 00:46:14.062
So when the leaves overlap,

00:46:14.062 --> 00:46:20.736
they form layers, hold in moisture,
form nests for animals.

00:46:20.778 --> 00:46:26.158
The water in the soil, that wants to evaporate,
hits this little barrier and is caught there.

00:46:26.158 --> 00:46:31.246
This creates a moisture sac,
a microenvironment, a microclimate.

00:46:31.872 --> 00:46:35.083
And this attracts biodiversity.

00:46:35.250 --> 00:46:38.462
- Are you going to get a picture of this?
- Over there...

00:46:39.588 --> 00:46:42.549
Let's go! We don’t have that much time to climb.

00:46:42.549 --> 00:46:45.260
Let's climb and focus on the bromeliads.

00:46:50.557 --> 00:46:54.728
- That roof over there is nuts!
- That one on the end.

00:47:00.526 --> 00:47:08.492
Most of reforestation efforts are in vain...
Most of what you plant ends up dying

00:47:08.492 --> 00:47:16.083
because you have invasive species,
insolation, water shortage, leafcutter ants,

00:47:16.083 --> 00:47:18.043
so it's not that simple.

00:47:18.377 --> 00:47:25.008
I started basing the project on real problems.

00:47:31.723 --> 00:47:38.146
Later, when I began to talk to
agricultural institutions like Embrapa,

00:47:38.146 --> 00:47:41.692
that are very technical,

00:47:41.692 --> 00:47:44.903
we got a lot of support, because they said:

00:47:44.903 --> 00:47:51.159
"You are the first designer who has brought us
a project based on the daily life in the field.

00:47:51.159 --> 00:47:54.162
This is what we really need."

00:48:33.243 --> 00:48:37.623
I have always loved bromeliads,
always found their shape interesting.

00:48:37.664 --> 00:48:45.005
Bromeliads have a very beautiful structure that captures water
and creates a microclimate that attracts biodiversity.

00:48:45.005 --> 00:48:46.632
There are little frogs living there...

00:48:46.632 --> 00:48:49.593
- Wow! This bromeliad is gigantic!

00:48:49.718 --> 00:48:51.929
And that frog eats insects,

00:48:52.012 --> 00:48:54.598
and there is a bee that comes to pollinate it.

00:48:54.598 --> 00:48:57.017
It creates a differentiated microclimate.

00:48:57.184 --> 00:49:00.437
- Got to climb all the way up
and then come down taking pictures.

00:49:01.688 --> 00:49:06.985
Our research, as a whole, has
always been about form and function.

00:49:07.069 --> 00:49:12.658
They have living tissues
that help to capture the water.

00:49:12.699 --> 00:49:16.161
So there are a number of factors
that keep the water there.

00:49:17.704 --> 00:49:21.166
- Water is the determining factor.

00:49:21.166 --> 00:49:23.293
This form that can trap water:

00:49:23.293 --> 00:49:28.423
where the water enters, wants to evaporate
but can't and ends up caught there.

00:49:28.423 --> 00:49:31.301
It’s something we emphasized with our design.

00:49:31.593 --> 00:49:36.515
As it grows, it creates its own shade.

00:49:36.515 --> 00:49:40.519
It creates a way to protect this water.

00:49:40.602 --> 00:49:42.604
This is very profound knowledge...

00:49:42.646 --> 00:49:48.735
You’re climbing in a place with no water,
just arid, on super-hot rock, under the sun,

00:49:48.819 --> 00:49:52.280
but there it is, a bromeliad, silent,
doing its thing, full of water.

00:49:52.364 --> 00:49:53.907
How does it do this?

00:50:05.502 --> 00:50:09.006
It's kind of like when you're
at work and you have a mentor.

00:50:10.048 --> 00:50:14.594
And you close the door to talk to
your mentor, and you ask your mentor:

00:50:15.554 --> 00:50:18.515
"Tell me how this place really works."

00:50:22.144 --> 00:50:25.355
And when you spend enough time
learning from the natural world,

00:50:25.647 --> 00:50:29.317
nature does become your mentor
in many ways and on many levels.

00:50:42.748 --> 00:50:45.876
Going back again and again
to the natural world to ask.

00:50:47.169 --> 00:50:49.212
How would nature make this?

00:50:50.255 --> 00:50:51.965
What would nature make this out of, right?

00:50:52.758 --> 00:50:56.386
There's a lot of questions,
even about management and business,

00:50:56.470 --> 00:50:58.847
and how we organize
ourselves as a society.

00:51:02.017 --> 00:51:04.436
Deepening conversation
with the organism.

00:51:08.231 --> 00:51:11.234
We think that all of those things are worth

00:51:11.318 --> 00:51:13.236
investigating through the lens of biomimicry.

00:51:14.029 --> 00:51:18.366
It's a much deeper thing than just,
you know, borrowing a shape,

00:51:19.868 --> 00:51:21.661
from the natural world, right?

00:51:27.292 --> 00:51:32.589
In order to make it deeply biomimetic,
we had to come up with this code of ethics.

00:51:34.591 --> 00:51:38.887
Why don't we create a list of

00:51:39.930 --> 00:51:42.599
the things that all
organisms have in common?

00:51:44.142 --> 00:51:46.311
Because those will be

00:51:46.853 --> 00:51:48.939
a kind of a guide to...

00:51:49.106 --> 00:51:52.400
this larger, systemic, virtues

00:51:52.484 --> 00:51:55.362
that these technologies
in the natural world have.

00:51:56.404 --> 00:51:58.907
Se we created what's called "Life's Principles".

00:52:00.408 --> 00:52:03.620
It's kind of an operating system
of how to be an earthling.

00:52:11.795 --> 00:52:15.090
And this becomes sort of our ethical guide, in a sense.

00:52:16.341 --> 00:52:18.176
How am I going to manufacture it?

00:52:18.677 --> 00:52:20.554
What will the factory look like?

00:52:20.679 --> 00:52:23.181
Will it be local, the way
nature's factories are?

00:52:23.265 --> 00:52:24.641
You know, locally made?

00:52:25.016 --> 00:52:27.561
Or will it be made
out of local materials?

00:52:29.479 --> 00:52:34.401
At the end of its life, will it...

00:52:34.484 --> 00:52:36.194
be able to be up-cycled
into another product?

00:52:38.780 --> 00:52:40.824
Can it be in a circular economy?

00:52:43.034 --> 00:52:46.913
Can there be some sort of cascading
benefit on an ecosystem level?

00:52:48.373 --> 00:52:51.668
So then the question became
"How will it be sold?"

00:52:52.836 --> 00:52:55.714
Right? How will it be packaged?
How will it be shipped?

00:52:56.298 --> 00:52:58.550
What'll happen at the
end of its useful life?

00:53:01.553 --> 00:53:04.139
Those are the deeper questions

00:53:04.848 --> 00:53:08.268
that we also felt you could look
to the natural world for answers.

00:53:39.007 --> 00:53:41.760
The way we make our world, right now...

00:53:44.512 --> 00:53:46.223
It's... I know way too much!

00:53:48.350 --> 00:53:51.019
It's dark, it makes your heart pretty heavy.

00:53:53.563 --> 00:53:57.192
When you have to put on
a gas-mask, a hard-hat,

00:53:57.609 --> 00:54:03.448
an eye-guard and protective body clothing,

00:54:03.740 --> 00:54:08.578
to go into some place where
our products are being made.

00:54:12.832 --> 00:54:15.585
How do you get nature's intelligence

00:54:15.669 --> 00:54:17.545
into the tools that inventors use everyday?

00:54:19.965 --> 00:54:24.803
That needs to be at the moment
the person is creating.

00:54:25.929 --> 00:54:27.264
At that point.

00:54:28.765 --> 00:54:32.519
MISSOULA, USA

00:54:39.025 --> 00:54:42.779
You know, people who invent
cars, or trains, or anything.

00:54:42.904 --> 00:54:46.408
They're creating them first in silica.

00:54:46.491 --> 00:54:48.994
They're creating them in computers
with CAD/CAM programs.

00:54:49.077 --> 00:54:52.289
And they're making all
their decisions right there.

00:54:52.414 --> 00:54:55.250
And this is a challenge in
general, not just with industry.

00:54:55.792 --> 00:54:58.920
I would say any inventor,
anywhere in the world,

00:54:59.087 --> 00:55:00.839
at the moment of creation,

00:55:01.298 --> 00:55:02.882
how do you give them

00:55:04.009 --> 00:55:07.095
the biological design
principle that they need?

00:55:08.722 --> 00:55:11.933
- Oh, I have some good news... We got the project!

00:55:13.768 --> 00:55:17.397
- Yay!
- Yeah, next week. They are going out there.

00:55:18.356 --> 00:55:22.527
- Let me see if I can get a sitemap,
because that's the big thing about this project.

00:55:22.610 --> 00:55:27.991
- It's the only public school that owns
like private water access.

00:55:28.742 --> 00:55:30.452
- Oh, my gosh!
- Yeah, yeah.

00:55:30.535 --> 00:55:32.787
- Private water access to a creek?

00:55:32.871 --> 00:55:36.207
- Ocean. Like, I think it's a river
flowing into the ocean.

00:55:36.291 --> 00:55:39.085
- Let me see, let me pull...
- So it's kind of an estuary?

00:55:41.463 --> 00:55:44.549
- Wow, that would be awesome!
- Like the site is.

00:55:45.300 --> 00:55:47.761
It's really exciting, of what we could pull off.

00:55:48.261 --> 00:55:51.097
- Hmmm... There might be some salt water estuary.

00:55:51.181 --> 00:55:54.184
- Oh, but it's a...
- Oh, it's a secondary river.

00:55:54.726 --> 00:55:58.938
- Just restoring that would be huge.

00:55:59.022 --> 00:56:03.526
To have the students participate
in that kind of restoration, bringing...

00:56:03.610 --> 00:56:08.073
You know, when I see scared places,
I think "great, that's great."

00:56:08.198 --> 00:56:12.577
Because you're starting... Like when we
did the sugar cane in Durban, it was like...

00:56:12.869 --> 00:56:14.913
Oh, you can do much better than sugar cane.

00:56:14.996 --> 00:56:17.123
Wait 'till you just put anything good there,

00:56:17.207 --> 00:56:19.459
you know, anything more natural than sugar cane!

00:56:19.584 --> 00:56:22.003
- What they showed us, I think it's...

00:56:22.337 --> 00:56:25.673
it had all this deforestation on it.

00:56:25.757 --> 00:56:27.801
So I think this is what they're...

00:56:28.551 --> 00:56:31.137
- Aha! Okay. Our role, really,
is too sell the vision

00:56:37.977 --> 00:56:40.522
and create the programmatic

00:56:41.106 --> 00:56:44.401
at the corporate level.
Create the programmatic...

00:56:45.068 --> 00:56:48.321
- Process.
- Process, and framework, and monitoring,

00:56:48.405 --> 00:56:50.865
and celebration, and storytelling about it...
- Yeah.

00:56:51.533 --> 00:56:54.327
Because I think as part of
ecological dynamics, this is...

00:56:54.494 --> 00:56:57.539
We come from biological backgrounds,

00:56:57.622 --> 00:57:00.959
In our schooling, you know,
we expected that we would be in

00:57:01.209 --> 00:57:04.337
jungles and diving in oceans...

00:57:04.421 --> 00:57:07.757
Right? Like if we were lucky, we
would be doing that kind of field work.

00:57:08.466 --> 00:57:10.051
And, instead,

00:57:10.510 --> 00:57:14.139
we walk into major companies,

00:57:14.597 --> 00:57:15.765
who make our world.

00:57:15.849 --> 00:57:16.975
None of us ever had gone
on a factory tour before.

00:57:17.475 --> 00:57:18.977
Now, we do.

00:57:19.978 --> 00:57:23.982
ANHANGUERA PARK
CAJAMAR, BRAZIL

00:57:26.401 --> 00:57:28.069
It's another planet heard from.

00:57:29.154 --> 00:57:32.490
I mean, people are not used
to speaking in biological language,

00:57:32.657 --> 00:57:38.163
because our world is still
based on machine metaphors.

00:57:38.830 --> 00:57:41.040
Or sports metaphors, military metaphors.

00:57:41.458 --> 00:57:44.961
So, to bring in biology and to be talking
about octopi

00:57:45.211 --> 00:57:47.881
and beetle wings...

00:57:48.047 --> 00:57:51.176
At first, it's kind of shocking
to that system, right?

00:57:54.554 --> 00:57:57.432
Because it's never been in
those hallways, so it's new.

00:58:03.396 --> 00:58:07.317
- The launch is already official?
- Yes, it is.

00:58:07.317 --> 00:58:10.445
- Marketing already came up,
already bought it…

00:58:11.154 --> 00:58:17.577
- But what is the strategy
going to be for the launch?

00:58:17.577 --> 00:58:19.787
- The launch already happened.

00:58:19.787 --> 00:58:21.706
- She's talking about the
communication strategy...

00:58:21.789 --> 00:58:23.166
- Yeah, but won’t we have a...

00:58:23.249 --> 00:58:28.004
I spent about two years there, wondering like

00:58:28.004 --> 00:58:31.299
“Am I in the right place?"

00:58:31.341 --> 00:58:36.971
I kept trying to understand
what lay behind their interests.

00:58:41.017 --> 00:58:49.192
However, working for a company makes a difference
because I can make things happen quickly,

00:58:49.234 --> 00:58:56.824
things that would be impossible
to achieve in an academic setting.

00:59:03.665 --> 00:59:07.752
- I remember attending a workshop
where we studied a caterpillar

00:59:07.752 --> 00:59:11.798
that left a scent that
would linger for up to two weeks.

00:59:11.798 --> 00:59:14.801
And we thought: "Our perfume
only lasts for eight hours,

00:59:14.801 --> 00:59:19.889
how does the caterpillar manage to
leave its scent for two weeks?"

00:59:19.889 --> 00:59:24.894
If we don't take the second step,
we'll just fall in love with the subject,

00:59:24.894 --> 00:59:27.564
but won't transform it into something concrete.

00:59:27.564 --> 00:59:33.069
I believe the agroforestry system Débora
has been leading for the past 12 years,

00:59:33.069 --> 00:59:38.157
is the greatest example of perseverance,
of studying, exploring,

00:59:38.157 --> 00:59:41.244
acquiring knowledge, and of demonstrating transformation.

00:59:41.244 --> 00:59:47.208
- Nature itself is taking care of these relationships

00:59:47.208 --> 00:59:50.878
that are essential to achieving high output.

00:59:50.878 --> 00:59:54.924
Because we want high output,
we want productivity.

00:59:54.924 --> 00:59:56.968
But we also want health.

00:59:56.968 --> 01:00:00.763
Like the concept of "coevolution" I was talking about earlier.

01:00:00.763 --> 01:00:05.435
Because human beings don't live alone.
Nobody lives alone...

01:00:11.107 --> 01:00:19.365
Few people have any idea how important palm oil
is for various segments of the industry.

01:00:19.365 --> 01:00:24.746
When I was new to this, I only saw it
as part of the cosmetic industry,

01:00:24.871 --> 01:00:28.207
but it’s the most consumed oil in the world,

01:00:28.207 --> 01:00:30.918
especially in the food industry.

01:00:36.174 --> 01:00:41.220
And there is a whole problem
in the way palm oil is produced.

01:00:43.514 --> 01:00:46.684
When you go to a supermarket or a store,

01:00:46.726 --> 01:00:54.192
you can be sure that at least 50%
of the products there contain palm oil.

01:01:00.740 --> 01:01:07.747
The story of how things are grown is as
important as the story of how things are made.

01:01:08.748 --> 01:01:12.794
And the story of how palm oil is
now grown, is in these plantations

01:01:12.877 --> 01:01:15.630
in which the first thing you do is

01:01:16.130 --> 01:01:21.177
cut away all of the native
forest, which, as we know,

01:01:21.427 --> 01:01:26.265
we have plantations with a fraction
of the biodiversity being supported.

01:01:26.599 --> 01:01:28.601
And soils being harmed...

01:01:30.812 --> 01:01:32.021
If not ruined.

01:01:39.862 --> 01:01:41.531
FIRES IN INDONESIA
800,000 ACRES DEVASTATED

01:01:41.614 --> 01:01:43.825
CAN PALM OIL BE PRODUCED
WITHOUT DESTROYING FORESTS?

01:01:43.908 --> 01:01:45.952
FIRES AND OIL THREAT
MONKEYS IN INDONESIA

01:01:55.336 --> 01:01:57.755
The antithesis to that,
or the antidote to that,

01:01:58.423 --> 01:02:02.009
would be an agriculture that mimics

01:02:02.677 --> 01:02:06.180
the three or four-story forest
that surrounds you.

01:02:08.891 --> 01:02:12.979
It's like, what would be growing there
naturally, has a particular structure.

01:02:13.354 --> 01:02:15.273
And structure grants function.

01:02:15.982 --> 01:02:17.483
FOREST FLOOR

01:02:17.859 --> 01:02:20.361
Those four layers, four strata,

01:02:20.486 --> 01:02:21.446
UNDERSTORY

01:02:21.446 --> 01:02:21.946
CANOPY

01:02:22.155 --> 01:02:22.947
EMERGENT LAYER

01:02:23.156 --> 01:02:26.451
having it be very, very different kinds of
species all together in the same place.

01:02:26.784 --> 01:02:29.454
That is a pattern.

01:02:29.662 --> 01:02:32.749
A deep pattern of that place.

01:02:45.845 --> 01:02:50.641
My starting point was:
“How does this plant occur in nature?”

01:02:51.476 --> 01:02:57.190
What is the plant community like
where dendê palms grow nearby?

01:02:57.982 --> 01:03:03.946
PALM AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM - PAS
TOMÉ-AÇU, BRAZIL

01:03:05.239 --> 01:03:12.205
We were going there to visit this place
where it is produced, in Ecuador...

01:03:12.246 --> 01:03:14.874
We kept going and going and going and going…

01:03:14.916 --> 01:03:17.335
There was nothing but
palm tree after palm tree.

01:03:17.376 --> 01:03:21.547
Every once in a while, there
would be an area with banana trees.

01:03:21.589 --> 01:03:25.092
Banana, banana, banana...
palm, palm, palm, palm...

01:03:25.176 --> 01:03:27.845
I finally asked them:

01:03:27.970 --> 01:03:30.765
“Where is the forest here?"

01:03:31.182 --> 01:03:33.810
"Where's the forest?"

01:03:33.851 --> 01:03:35.102
And they answered:

01:03:35.144 --> 01:03:37.063
“What do you mean by forest?”

01:03:37.104 --> 01:03:41.234
I said, “You know, FOREST.
Where is the forest here?

01:03:41.275 --> 01:03:44.153
Where do the palms end
and does the forest begin?”

01:03:44.153 --> 01:03:45.530
He said, “I don’t understand...”

01:03:45.571 --> 01:03:49.951
So, I said, “The big trees!
That were here before the palm trees!”

01:03:49.992 --> 01:03:52.662
And he just said,
“Oh, there were? Here?”

01:03:54.330 --> 01:03:57.834
These are people who have
worked there for decades!

01:03:57.875 --> 01:04:01.546
I said, “But don’t you remember
what it was like here before?”

01:04:01.629 --> 01:04:04.590
“No, there was no forest here.”

01:04:14.642 --> 01:04:18.020
If we were to change
the way palm oil is grown,

01:04:18.104 --> 01:04:20.773
from being in this monoculture,
to being in a polyculture.

01:04:21.148 --> 01:04:25.945
That's in a forest setting, which is
what evidently Natura is finding now.

01:04:26.779 --> 01:04:29.699
The multi-crop planting is actually

01:04:30.283 --> 01:04:32.535
giving them some increased yield.

01:04:32.869 --> 01:04:35.204
Until you had those research projects,

01:04:35.788 --> 01:04:39.542
nobody was willing to take a chance,
economically, of losing money.

01:04:44.922 --> 01:04:47.758
Now, I think it's time to start to talk to farmers
about moving to that way of growing,

01:04:47.842 --> 01:04:50.219
and then having consumers educated enough
to source and choose it.

01:04:57.476 --> 01:05:00.688
It's important we identify these signature characteristics.

01:05:00.730 --> 01:05:03.357
This is different from a pasture,
and from a forest...

01:05:03.399 --> 01:05:05.693
so let's understand the traits
of an Agroforestry System.

01:05:05.818 --> 01:05:12.283
From up there down to the ground, we can measure
temperature, humidity, radiation, leaf temperature.

01:05:12.325 --> 01:05:14.994
To assess if the plants are doing well at 40°C

01:05:14.994 --> 01:05:17.872
so he can point to a specific leaf,

01:05:17.872 --> 01:05:23.294
and then know when the canopy is at 40°C,
it will help us interpret the behavior of the system.

01:05:23.294 --> 01:05:27.715
And down in the soil,
we will have another array of sensors...

01:05:41.354 --> 01:05:43.189
Perhaps you would be
able to have a choice.

01:05:43.981 --> 01:05:48.778
You could buy palm oil grown in
a way that sponsors biodiversity.

01:05:49.403 --> 01:05:52.615
And hold soil, and increases forest health.

01:05:55.451 --> 01:06:00.414
Or, you can have palm oil that
causes the destruction of rainforest.

01:06:02.583 --> 01:06:03.793
It's your choice.

01:06:23.980 --> 01:06:28.985
TIJUCA RAINFOREST
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

01:06:39.787 --> 01:06:43.124
This is all packaging.

01:06:43.124 --> 01:06:46.961
Packaging that is biodegradable,

01:06:46.961 --> 01:06:49.338
that even nourishes its contents.

01:06:49.380 --> 01:06:52.341
Imagine a wrapping that can
nourish what’s inside.

01:06:52.383 --> 01:06:55.553
A wrapping that can spread its contents,

01:06:55.636 --> 01:06:59.849
much better than anything we can make.

01:06:59.932 --> 01:07:03.394
33% of the trash we generate comes from packaging.

01:07:03.477 --> 01:07:05.396
But here, everything is solved.

01:07:05.438 --> 01:07:08.399
Nature solved this problem in an amazing way.

01:07:08.482 --> 01:07:14.238
First, because wastes and resources
are the same thing in nature.

01:07:14.321 --> 01:07:16.032
There is no trash in nature.

01:07:16.115 --> 01:07:18.034
Trash is a human invention.

01:07:18.200 --> 01:07:20.953
This is what amazed me.

01:07:20.995 --> 01:07:25.291
When I saw all these solutions,

01:07:25.458 --> 01:07:29.378
I was fascinated. This is
primary-source inspiration.

01:07:31.630 --> 01:07:34.592
The fruit is what protects the seed,

01:07:35.092 --> 01:07:39.180
it protects it and needs to spread it,

01:07:39.180 --> 01:07:40.639
then sometimes it doesn’t exactly protect it.

01:07:40.639 --> 01:07:47.063
It keeps the seed safe until it is ready
to be eaten and then it offers the seed.

01:07:47.229 --> 01:07:52.234
Let’s say we see a green strawberry
on a green background,

01:07:52.276 --> 01:07:54.278
it is telling us, “Look, I’m not ready to be eaten yet.”

01:07:54.320 --> 01:07:55.905
It's disguised there.

01:07:55.988 --> 01:07:59.075
It's hard, it has no fragrance.

01:07:59.116 --> 01:08:02.870
When it begins to ripen, that means
its seeds are ready to germinate.

01:08:02.912 --> 01:08:04.330
Correct me if I am wrong...

01:08:04.413 --> 01:08:08.042
As its seeds become ready to germinate,

01:08:08.084 --> 01:08:11.754
the strawberry starts to ripen,
turning into a lovely red,

01:08:11.796 --> 01:08:14.548
contrasting with that green background,

01:08:14.590 --> 01:08:19.095
spreading its scent, soft and sweet.

01:08:19.095 --> 01:08:21.639
It becomes irresistible.

01:08:21.639 --> 01:08:30.606
So all fruit develop a strategy of
involvement, of engagement through desire.

01:08:30.731 --> 01:08:34.485
Which is a cool strategy for provoking a response.

01:08:34.485 --> 01:08:36.028
We do this all the time.

01:08:36.028 --> 01:08:37.947
I joke that this is pure marketing.

01:08:37.947 --> 01:08:39.615
When you see a strawberry getting ripe,

01:08:39.740 --> 01:08:42.284
it’s a genius marketing strategy.

01:08:46.997 --> 01:08:49.125
- This is a book of seeds,

01:08:49.125 --> 01:08:52.670
so I am going to ask you
to handle it with care.

01:08:52.670 --> 01:08:58.467
The way nature works with packaging
is so straightforward.

01:09:00.136 --> 01:09:02.680
It's resource, not waste.

01:09:17.319 --> 01:09:22.575
Have you ever thought about the package
that brought you into the world?

01:09:23.993 --> 01:09:29.039
Looking at my mother’s uterus
as a super sophisticated package

01:09:29.081 --> 01:09:34.795
that protects when it needs to protect,
that nurtures and then ejects when the time is right.

01:09:35.796 --> 01:09:38.799
Our planet’s atmosphere is a super package.

01:09:38.883 --> 01:09:41.802
Without this fine wrapping, 25 miles thick,

01:09:41.886 --> 01:09:45.055
which is a layer, like an eggshell,

01:09:45.055 --> 01:09:49.935
25 miles thick, there would be no life on Earth.

01:09:51.896 --> 01:09:56.442
When we think about today, the way we consume,

01:09:56.442 --> 01:10:00.237
we often spend just seconds with something
that will take 300 years to decompose

01:10:00.321 --> 01:10:01.572
and still leave residue.

01:10:01.697 --> 01:10:03.073
It doesn’t make any sense, right?

01:10:03.199 --> 01:10:07.369
It is a huge problem because
it involves changing behavior and habits.

01:10:07.411 --> 01:10:11.248
We were convinced that
convenience was worth it.

01:10:16.795 --> 01:10:19.590
But behind that are financial interests, industries,

01:10:19.632 --> 01:10:21.508
but already with their necks in a noose,

01:10:21.592 --> 01:10:26.764
who surely know there’s no alternative
discourse except to close the cycle.

01:10:27.973 --> 01:10:32.519
This is a massive technical challenge,
a massive creative and behavioral challenge.

01:10:32.519 --> 01:10:36.857
So we need to have anthropologists,
psychologists, engineers, designers...

01:10:36.899 --> 01:10:41.487
People who culturally engage with other stimuli.

01:10:41.570 --> 01:10:48.077
Relearning things and developing new habits
may take a little more work and a little more time...

01:10:48.327 --> 01:10:53.332
- Maybe here we should try different formats,
modular ones, inspired by cell structures,

01:10:53.332 --> 01:10:56.001
inspired by nature's geometric structures.

01:10:56.001 --> 01:10:58.003
- I brought this.

01:10:58.379 --> 01:11:04.677
- This is a pine fruit and when
it's closed, it looks like this.

01:11:05.594 --> 01:11:09.974
As it dehydrates, it splits geometrically.
And it ends up like this.

01:11:09.974 --> 01:11:12.101
- They look like buds.
- Mm-hmm.

01:11:12.601 --> 01:11:17.481
When you have biologists looking
through their expert lenses

01:11:17.564 --> 01:11:20.234
at these scenarios and contexts, something clicks...

01:11:21.402 --> 01:11:25.030
- They have no true flowers, no true fruits,
so the dispersal system is rather basic.

01:11:25.030 --> 01:11:27.866
- Once it’s ready, it dries and falls.

01:11:27.866 --> 01:11:30.119
And when we get to other fruit, they...

01:11:30.160 --> 01:11:33.080
We have to find a way to
close the cycles,

01:11:33.205 --> 01:11:35.207
to uninvent trash.

01:11:35.249 --> 01:11:38.252
We have to do this, one way or another.
We need to focus on this!

01:11:38.585 --> 01:11:41.255
- This is a winged seed,

01:11:41.255 --> 01:11:44.216
it's basically a distribution technique.

01:11:44.216 --> 01:11:48.721
And this one is a tiny helicopter that
spins as it falls, it's amazing,

01:11:48.721 --> 01:11:53.559
and it flies away as it is blown by the wind,
spreading the seed. It's brilliant!

01:12:00.441 --> 01:12:07.323
There are still a lot of people who still use
this place of purpose because it's trendy,

01:12:07.406 --> 01:12:13.245
or as a subterfuge, a positioning or marketing strategy...
There is still a lot of that.

01:12:13.329 --> 01:12:18.917
But I prefer that over someone who hasn’t even considered it.

01:12:19.376 --> 01:12:24.506
But deep down, that's how it is in nature.
Nature is driven by the survival instinct.

01:12:24.548 --> 01:12:27.343
There's no good guy in nature.

01:12:27.426 --> 01:12:29.845
We romanticize it.

01:12:33.891 --> 01:12:36.977
So let it be by survival instinct

01:12:37.019 --> 01:12:44.360
that these companies begin to invest and believe
they have an important role in building a desirable future

01:12:44.360 --> 01:12:47.196
to guarantee their own survival.

01:12:51.742 --> 01:12:55.204
So I am pragmatic in that sense,
more than ever.

01:12:55.245 --> 01:12:58.832
Less romantic and more pragmatic.

01:13:24.400 --> 01:13:28.612
I think some of these
larger, contextual pieces...

01:13:30.572 --> 01:13:33.242
I mean the context of our mental models.

01:13:34.910 --> 01:13:38.789
Shifting those mental
models is so important.

01:13:39.081 --> 01:13:43.001
Having people have a different
conception of what is natural.

01:13:44.962 --> 01:13:46.004
"Arrived"

01:13:50.551 --> 01:13:53.595
Is competition a natural way of being?

01:13:53.595 --> 01:13:56.098
Is mutualism a natural way of being?

01:13:56.098 --> 01:13:58.809
What is, you know.
What is the best strategy?

01:14:04.356 --> 01:14:08.610
- Welcome, welcome! Come on in,
how are you? Yeah, come on in!

01:14:20.080 --> 01:14:25.252
- The update, that I don't think I have told you,
is that VFC has come back into the picture.

01:14:25.502 --> 01:14:27.588
The CEO of North Face,

01:14:29.298 --> 01:14:32.301
became the head of the whole thing.
And he really likes biomimicry.

01:14:32.384 --> 01:14:35.929
So, now may be the moment
to come in and do something.

01:14:36.013 --> 01:14:38.599
And he wants us to
do something with jeans.

01:14:39.308 --> 01:14:42.728
As you know, indigo is horrible.

01:14:42.811 --> 01:14:46.690
No, blue is by far the most difficult
color to do naturally, from that aspect.

01:14:47.065 --> 01:14:49.485
And it makes sense. You look at the wavelengths in
nature,

01:14:49.568 --> 01:14:51.653
if you start blocking blue, you're absorbing UV. Right?

01:14:52.154 --> 01:14:55.073
So if you put a blob of blue color in nature too.

01:14:55.157 --> 01:14:57.784
That's absorbing the shorter wavelength light,

01:14:57.868 --> 01:15:02.289
which means you're gonna start encouraging
that material to absorb into the UV spectrum.

01:15:02.372 --> 01:15:05.959
- I wonder if that's why there's so many...
I mean, all bluebirds are structural color.
- Yeah.

01:15:06.043 --> 01:15:09.338
All blue in... I think it's
also in dragonflies. Yeah.

01:15:09.421 --> 01:15:12.883
- And the moment you encourage absorbing that, right,

01:15:13.133 --> 01:15:16.970
then that's when you get the free radical formation,
and that causes damage in the whole space.

01:15:17.262 --> 01:15:20.974
A lot of people are very specific and
they assume color is chemically derived.

01:15:21.350 --> 01:15:25.020
Most people I talk to, don't
understand that a lot of natural color...

01:15:25.103 --> 01:15:27.981
'Color in nature', different term
from 'natural color', right?

01:15:28.065 --> 01:15:29.942
Color in nature is actually structural.

01:15:30.275 --> 01:15:31.360
And structure function.

01:15:31.443 --> 01:15:33.737
But most people don't understand that.

01:15:33.820 --> 01:15:36.865
People don't... There are some of these
ubiquitous patterns in the natural world.

01:15:36.949 --> 01:15:38.784
That's what I'm working on now.

01:15:38.867 --> 01:15:42.412
Gathering for a book of just
absolutely ubiquitous patterns.

01:15:43.622 --> 01:15:46.625
That... if... that we should know!

01:15:46.708 --> 01:15:49.336
We should know that one, because it
can bring changes.

01:16:01.932 --> 01:16:05.644
So you look at all those different things,
that match into the new changing economy...

01:16:05.727 --> 01:16:08.188
Because everything is
changing so fast for us.

01:16:08.272 --> 01:16:12.401
And one of the things that biomimicry
on a micro-scale understands

01:16:12.484 --> 01:16:15.320
is when you look at
insects, and you look at...

01:16:16.113 --> 01:16:18.407
bacteria, yeast, molds...

01:16:18.490 --> 01:16:21.076
all those, they undergo evolution
at a super high rate.

01:16:21.285 --> 01:16:23.036
Right? So you can see the change.

01:16:23.120 --> 01:16:26.456
Most people get trapped into biomimicry
thinking of, like, an elephant, and how to do that.

01:16:26.540 --> 01:16:29.668
And it's like "oh, it takes thousands
and thousands of years for a change...

01:16:29.751 --> 01:16:33.964
But, really, our environment
is changing so fast,

01:16:34.047 --> 01:16:36.216
that we have to embrace those characteristics

01:16:36.258 --> 01:16:40.012
that allow insects and microbes,
and whatever, to adapt and change so quick.

01:16:40.095 --> 01:16:42.180
In the industry, in the
business, in whatever.

01:16:42.264 --> 01:16:43.974
And, so that means flexible systems.

01:16:44.516 --> 01:16:48.979
You need to develop infrastructure that will grow
and change and adapt with you in the future.

01:16:50.522 --> 01:16:52.357
Yeah, this is a platform.

01:16:52.441 --> 01:16:56.194
I mean, this idea of functionalize in place
and then have itself...

01:16:56.278 --> 01:16:57.988
It's what proteins do.

01:16:58.071 --> 01:17:01.116
Well, it's - you know what I mean -
it's one of those deep patterns

01:17:01.199 --> 01:17:04.202
in the natural world, that says:
"Wow, this is a great idea!"

01:17:04.286 --> 01:17:07.789
One I identified, right, was
that natural pattern...

01:17:08.290 --> 01:17:10.208
It's all chemistry...

01:17:10.292 --> 01:17:16.089
So all of it is a reaction of, primarily,
carbon, nitrogen and sulphur.

01:17:16.173 --> 01:17:19.593
Nature uses a very limited
toolset and that's all chemistry.

01:17:19.926 --> 01:17:23.972
I think most people don't think of every process
in your body as a chemical reaction, right?

01:17:24.598 --> 01:17:27.225
Everything that occurs in your brain,
every neurological impulse,

01:17:27.309 --> 01:17:29.645
every thought you feel is chemistry.

01:17:29.811 --> 01:17:31.313
It's that simple.

01:17:33.815 --> 01:17:35.609
People don't like to believe it's that simple.

01:17:35.692 --> 01:17:39.821
All of it can be changed and modified,
but not everyone likes that thought either, right?

01:17:46.828 --> 01:17:50.791
Biomimicry can cause this major
shift in paradigm and thinking

01:17:50.999 --> 01:17:54.086
but it could also cause us
to make mining more efficient.

01:17:54.294 --> 01:17:57.798
And also maybe let us mine deeper
and pull more out of the Earth.

01:18:05.305 --> 01:18:08.642
A tool is only as good as bad,
as the person who uses it, right?

01:18:34.418 --> 01:18:36.503
The science is changing dramatically.

01:18:38.255 --> 01:18:40.173
Our whole economic system...

01:18:42.175 --> 01:18:44.302
is based on competition.

01:18:45.595 --> 01:18:49.015
And it's based on the scientific
understanding of competition

01:18:50.058 --> 01:18:53.019
as being the way of the world.

01:18:56.523 --> 01:18:58.316
The reason we think that

01:18:59.609 --> 01:19:02.112
starts in about 1914.

01:19:06.241 --> 01:19:08.618
There were two ecologists,

01:19:09.703 --> 01:19:11.913
last names Gleason and Clements.

01:19:12.831 --> 01:19:14.583
And they had competing views of

01:19:15.167 --> 01:19:18.420
the major question of ecology in that time.

01:19:18.503 --> 01:19:19.588
And still is...

01:19:21.339 --> 01:19:26.428
The major question in ecology is
"How is it that ecosystems assemble themselves?"

01:19:26.511 --> 01:19:28.430
It's called "the assembly rules".

01:19:29.723 --> 01:19:31.600
And what keeps them running?

01:19:37.564 --> 01:19:40.317
Gleason believed

01:19:40.734 --> 01:19:45.155
that those plants were in head-to-head
competition with one another,

01:19:46.072 --> 01:19:48.992
to get the most sunlight,
and the most water,

01:19:49.409 --> 01:19:53.121
and that what you saw in an
ecosystem was the result of competition.

01:19:55.207 --> 01:19:58.960
Frederic Clements had
a different idea...

01:20:01.087 --> 01:20:08.053
He said: "No, actually, I think
they're in a mutual aid society."

01:20:08.553 --> 01:20:12.641
"What we see is a result
of how they have facilitated,

01:20:12.641 --> 01:20:16.102
or helped each other
with positive interactions."

01:20:16.645 --> 01:20:21.983
One has shielded the other from
harsh sunlight, or wind, or snow, or ice.

01:20:23.360 --> 01:20:28.406
One has dropped its leaves and
made the soil fertile for the other.

01:20:28.740 --> 01:20:30.992
They're in a highly cooperative

01:20:31.743 --> 01:20:36.623
mutualistic - meaning mutual
benefit to both - relationship.

01:20:36.915 --> 01:20:39.292
And that's what runs ecosystems.

01:20:40.210 --> 01:20:44.631
So, for the first 40 years of the century,

01:20:45.298 --> 01:20:50.512
we studied mutualistic relationships.
"Mutualisms", they're called.

01:20:53.431 --> 01:20:56.351
But then, something drastically changed.

01:20:56.434 --> 01:20:59.062
And I was curious about it, I wanted to learn about it.

01:20:59.271 --> 01:21:01.481
So I started to dig into the history of it.

01:21:02.232 --> 01:21:03.859
Because what happened then...

01:21:05.110 --> 01:21:09.573
was that, in 1947, actually, they
had a meeting, a scientific meeting,

01:21:10.407 --> 01:21:17.122
and one of Gleason's proteges
stood up and argued, vociferously,

01:21:17.372 --> 01:21:21.418
for bringing back the idea that
competition is what we should be studying.

01:21:23.753 --> 01:21:27.465
And, literally, you can
watch the literature change.

01:21:29.259 --> 01:21:31.344
What happened in 1947...

01:21:33.513 --> 01:21:36.141
That's when the Truman
doctrine happened.

01:21:37.267 --> 01:21:41.438
That's when we became
terrified of communism.

01:21:43.523 --> 01:21:45.609
That's when the Cold War started.

01:21:45.692 --> 01:21:50.947
Clements' work became very suspect,
because it seemed communist.

01:21:59.122 --> 01:22:02.709
So, If you don't think science
is influenced by culture,

01:22:03.168 --> 01:22:04.252
it is.

01:22:10.759 --> 01:22:17.182
Now we understand that there's vast
amounts of mutualisms in the natural world.

01:22:18.808 --> 01:22:24.314
Competition was not the whole answer.

01:22:25.148 --> 01:22:26.566
We knew we were
missing something.

01:22:27.567 --> 01:22:31.279
Competition is a part of
the natural world, of course.

01:22:31.863 --> 01:22:33.698
But that doesn't happen all-year.

01:22:38.203 --> 01:22:40.080
Between species...

01:22:41.206 --> 01:22:46.211
you're talking about a lot more
cooperation and mutualisms...

01:22:46.628 --> 01:22:49.172
than you are competition.

01:22:50.006 --> 01:22:51.341
And the reason is simple:

01:22:51.424 --> 01:22:55.261
competition is too energy intensive.

01:22:55.929 --> 01:22:59.557
Competition is something
you try to avoid.

01:23:06.523 --> 01:23:08.775
So, what happens is,
over long periods of time,

01:23:09.401 --> 01:23:13.655
one species might evolve to...
feed during the day.

01:23:13.905 --> 01:23:15.657
The other comes at night.

01:23:15.865 --> 01:23:18.368
So they start to coexist.

01:23:19.494 --> 01:23:24.040
Or one species might have a longer beak,
and go down and get a different kind of clam.

01:23:25.792 --> 01:23:29.212
And that's actually what
Darwin saw on the Galapagos

01:23:29.295 --> 01:23:31.172
is a move away from competition.

01:23:32.340 --> 01:23:35.635
So, what you try to do is you try
to move up that hierarchy,

01:23:35.719 --> 01:23:37.679
to where you're at least coexisting.

01:23:42.308 --> 01:23:44.519
Science has been misinterpreted.

01:23:45.395 --> 01:23:49.357
The whole field of eugenics
came from a misreading

01:23:50.608 --> 01:23:53.778
of Darwin's natural selection.

01:23:55.363 --> 01:23:58.491
There's this phrase, "survival of the fittest",
which Darwin never said.

01:24:01.161 --> 01:24:04.706
Darwin said "survival of fit".

01:24:05.749 --> 01:24:08.918
Meaning "fit to your habitat".

01:24:09.252 --> 01:24:11.463
"Fit" to what it is you need to do.

01:24:11.546 --> 01:24:14.883
You know, "fit" is very
different than "fittest".

01:24:24.142 --> 01:24:27.729
So, it seems to me that that's one
of the major things

01:24:27.812 --> 01:24:29.731
we have to teach in biomimicry

01:24:29.814 --> 01:24:35.487
is that different species are going
to try to get into mutualistic relationships,

01:24:35.612 --> 01:24:39.491
where they're benefiting each other,
like the bee and the flower.

01:24:40.450 --> 01:24:45.413
They're gonna co-evolve together,
to get closer and closer into that mutualism.

01:24:47.082 --> 01:24:50.960
You know, obviously, biomimicry
is focused a lot on technologies,

01:24:51.586 --> 01:24:56.633
but this other idea, this idea that
ecosystems are generous, for instance,

01:24:57.467 --> 01:24:58.676
key!

01:24:59.260 --> 01:25:02.680
the fact that...
mutualisms run the world!

01:25:03.014 --> 01:25:09.020
key in changing how we're going to get through
this evolutionary nod we're heading for.

01:25:43.930 --> 01:25:47.851
- It's good to have all this
signal grass growing here,

01:25:47.976 --> 01:25:52.063
cause it's the perfect lab for our r
eforestation experiments.

01:25:52.063 --> 01:25:56.151
Because this is the reality in reforestation.

01:25:58.903 --> 01:26:03.408
- Look at how the grass is taking over...

01:26:04.701 --> 01:26:07.203
Wow, that's awesome!

01:26:07.203 --> 01:26:10.415
- It still has some dew, right?
So does the grass.

01:26:10.415 --> 01:26:13.418
We planted Jequitibá and ironwood,

01:26:13.418 --> 01:26:17.505
and Grumixama, as well as indigenous cherries.

01:26:20.049 --> 01:26:23.761
It's beautiful, isn't it? It really stretched.

01:26:23.761 --> 01:26:27.015
Check out how different it is from the control subject.

01:26:28.975 --> 01:26:32.520
MACAÉ RIVER BASIN
LUMIAR, BRAZIL

01:26:32.520 --> 01:26:36.608
One of the best things that
could happen for biomimicry

01:26:36.691 --> 01:26:39.319
is if there are more and more
case studies that come out,

01:26:39.527 --> 01:26:41.571
with amazing products and processes, right?

01:26:42.113 --> 01:26:45.825
- Are we going to measure the saplings?

01:26:45.825 --> 01:26:48.620
- I think we should follow the numbering.

01:26:48.870 --> 01:26:53.625
So, we have started at the Biomimicry
Institute, a global design challenge.

01:26:54.292 --> 01:26:56.461
And we've had

01:26:57.212 --> 01:27:00.715
dozens of dozens of teams
participate, hundreds of people.

01:27:00.798 --> 01:27:02.592
And it's a very global thing.

01:27:02.675 --> 01:27:07.096
Really kind of groundbreaking things
come out of this design challenge.

01:27:07.263 --> 01:27:10.099
- This one still has its first leaves,
look how big it is.

01:27:10.099 --> 01:27:12.101
- The ants haven't made it here.

01:27:12.268 --> 01:27:18.024
The idea is that we need to create
the next generation of entrepreneurs.

01:27:18.441 --> 01:27:22.028
That are gonna solve... By
looking to the natural world,

01:27:22.487 --> 01:27:24.781
they're gonna solve big challenges.

01:27:24.864 --> 01:27:27.408
They're gonna try to
solve them systemically.

01:27:27.867 --> 01:27:33.331
They're gonna try to solve them by not just using cool technologies
from the natural world, ideas from the natural world,

01:27:33.873 --> 01:27:35.500
but, also, Life's Principles.

01:27:36.626 --> 01:27:38.253
- Sixty-three.

01:27:38.294 --> 01:27:40.338
- Check out the spider in there!

01:27:40.338 --> 01:27:42.590
- They all have spiders, man!

01:27:42.590 --> 01:27:44.884
Baby wandering spiders...

01:27:45.218 --> 01:27:49.138
Check out who this one is looking for, can you see?

01:27:49.138 --> 01:27:53.184
Crickets...
The crickets were all there...

01:27:53.226 --> 01:27:55.895
Do you think this cricket eats the leaves?

01:27:56.062 --> 01:27:59.691
Some of them do, but they have all this grass, right?

01:28:01.234 --> 01:28:08.658
Last year, we applied for the Biomimicry
Global Design Challenge in the US.

01:28:08.658 --> 01:28:14.539
- "Nature uses shape to determine functionality".
- Yes, this is one of them.

01:28:15.081 --> 01:28:19.752
We had two weeks to meet their deadline,
to produce the presentation, and send it in,

01:28:19.752 --> 01:28:21.629
and we had also to produce a three-minute video.

01:28:21.629 --> 01:28:25.258
And we passed! So we were awarded
along with six other teams...

01:28:25.258 --> 01:28:28.219
And then a mentoring process began.

01:28:28.219 --> 01:28:32.140
- Sometimes they don't understand
that resilience is already so low

01:28:32.140 --> 01:28:34.183
that it needs human help.

01:28:34.183 --> 01:28:38.062
- People think: “Just let natural
regeneration do its thing!”

01:28:38.062 --> 01:28:39.063
But they stay in this poetry... right?

01:28:39.063 --> 01:28:40.481
- I find it a bit unnecessary.

01:28:40.481 --> 01:28:44.694
So do I.
I don’t think it fits into our pitch.

01:28:44.694 --> 01:28:46.154
Let’s take it out.

01:28:46.654 --> 01:28:51.117
We talked about the worms, that we are
seeing spiders, and other insects...

01:28:51.117 --> 01:28:53.703
"biodiversity

01:28:54.704 --> 01:28:55.997
attraction"

01:28:56.664 --> 01:28:58.291
This is so awesome, man!

01:29:08.968 --> 01:29:12.055
BIOMIMICRY LAUNCHPAR PROGRAM
BERKELY, USA

01:29:12.055 --> 01:29:14.724
So, this is a special evening for us.

01:29:14.724 --> 01:29:14.807
BIOMIMICRY LAUNCHPAR PROGRAM
BERKELY, USA

01:29:14.807 --> 01:29:18.311
Every year, we have this
really amazing privilege

01:29:18.394 --> 01:29:20.313
of welcoming teams from around the world,

01:29:20.396 --> 01:29:23.483
who compete in a year-long process,

01:29:23.775 --> 01:29:26.903
to perfect a biomimetic solution

01:29:26.986 --> 01:29:29.781
to a very real problem around climate.

01:29:30.656 --> 01:29:32.658
- I’m going to show Janine this.

01:29:32.742 --> 01:29:34.327
I'm taking it there.

01:29:34.410 --> 01:29:36.371
It is an opportunity, brother!

01:29:40.375 --> 01:29:42.377
- How do I do? I do ok!

01:29:46.130 --> 01:29:48.174
It's a real pleasure. What's that?

01:29:48.257 --> 01:29:50.510
- Such a pleasure to see you.

01:29:50.593 --> 01:29:52.011
You guys, too.

01:29:52.887 --> 01:29:56.140
Thank you, thank you so much.
You're welcome!

01:29:56.974 --> 01:30:02.605
As we've watched the launchpad
grow, what has inspired us most,

01:30:03.898 --> 01:30:06.984
it's really not the innovations.

01:30:08.361 --> 01:30:09.570
It's the people.

01:30:10.446 --> 01:30:12.365
Who made a choice.

01:30:13.324 --> 01:30:15.785
And they're here in the room,
and you saw them out there,

01:30:15.868 --> 01:30:19.122
and you looked at their
innovation, their prototype,

01:30:19.205 --> 01:30:21.707
but I hope you looked
at their eyes too.

01:30:22.166 --> 01:30:24.001
And their faces, and
the smiles that you saw,

01:30:24.085 --> 01:30:25.586
the passion that
they had for this work,

01:30:25.670 --> 01:30:30.883
and realized that these people
will never make the old choice again.

01:30:31.634 --> 01:30:33.803
They're biomimics for life!

01:30:36.889 --> 01:30:41.727
And... thank you for choosing
to be a student of nature.

01:30:41.811 --> 01:30:43.229
And we get to now learn

01:30:43.646 --> 01:30:46.441
from one of the greatest students of nature

01:30:46.524 --> 01:30:48.776
that this world has ever known.

01:30:49.861 --> 01:30:51.112
And how lucky we are...

01:30:51.654 --> 01:30:53.698
My dear friend, Janine Benyus.

01:31:01.956 --> 01:31:05.251
I'm impressed already,
what a beautiful young man!

01:31:08.087 --> 01:31:10.465
These guys love their place.

01:31:10.548 --> 01:31:12.425
That's the other thing
you'll see about these teams:

01:31:12.508 --> 01:31:16.679
they wanna fix Taiwan, they wanna fix
the Atlantic Rainforest, 85% of it is gone.

01:31:16.804 --> 01:31:19.265
Deforestation.
They wanna change that.

01:31:19.348 --> 01:31:22.894
They wanna bring it back, it's a very
unique place, it's an ecological hotspot.

01:31:23.561 --> 01:31:25.938
At first they were thinking about
dropping it from the air,

01:31:26.022 --> 01:31:29.609
which I think is still a really good idea,
using drones, or whatever,

01:31:30.526 --> 01:31:32.695
for maybe other places, you know?

01:31:32.778 --> 01:31:36.157
I mean, you've gotta a very
hilly topography, it's kind of tough.

01:31:36.240 --> 01:31:39.243
But on other places, I think
you're gonna be able to drop it.

01:31:39.327 --> 01:31:41.120
Because they're making
it super lightweight.

01:31:41.204 --> 01:31:42.955
And winged seed are really good at that.

01:31:43.039 --> 01:31:46.959
They've got great ridding and they're
very lightweight for their... for what they do.

01:31:47.543 --> 01:31:50.838
They also looked at bromeliads
of the place of Brazil,

01:31:51.130 --> 01:31:53.341
how do they... their shaped to capture water.

01:31:57.970 --> 01:32:02.975
RAY OF HOPE PRIZE, BIONEERS CONFERENCE
SAN RAFAEL, USA

01:32:09.690 --> 01:32:14.153
The Biomimicry Institute has been an
esteemed collaborator for many years

01:32:14.237 --> 01:32:17.907
and it's our great honor to be
partnering with the Biomimicry Institute,

01:32:17.990 --> 01:32:22.119
and the Ray C. Anderson Foundation
for the third year in the row,

01:32:22.203 --> 01:32:24.705
for the third annual award ceremony

01:32:24.789 --> 01:32:28.000
for the world's premier biomimicry design prize.

01:32:28.084 --> 01:32:33.422
The one hundred thousand dollar
Ray C. Anderson Ray of Hope Prize.

01:32:33.506 --> 01:32:41.847
It's my pleasure and honor to introduce you.
And welcome to the stage again...
When you build too much expectation,
you automatically generate frustration.

01:32:42.139 --> 01:32:44.600
"Will we win the prize? Won't we?"

01:32:49.605 --> 01:32:51.983
So the Biomimicry Institute exists to develop

01:32:52.066 --> 01:32:55.444
a new generation of biomimetic inventors.

01:32:56.028 --> 01:33:00.533
And, this year, six finalist teams
from Biomimicry Launchpad,

01:33:01.284 --> 01:33:03.786
are competing for the Ray of Hope Prize.

01:33:05.413 --> 01:33:08.374
The theme, this year, is Climate Change.

01:33:09.584 --> 01:33:13.004
The teams have spent the last year
taking inspiration from nature,

01:33:13.087 --> 01:33:15.548
refining and testing their prototypes,

01:33:16.257 --> 01:33:19.969
doing customer validation and
working on their business models.

01:33:20.845 --> 01:33:25.182
This Thursday, they gave their final
presentations to a panel of judges.

01:33:25.266 --> 01:33:28.853
I had the really good fortune
to be one of those judges.

01:33:31.731 --> 01:33:34.358
Now, please help me congratulate the winners

01:33:34.442 --> 01:33:37.945
of Ray of Hope one hundred thousand dollar
first-prize,

01:33:43.951 --> 01:33:50.374
brothers Bruno and Pedro Rutman Pagnoncelli
of Nucleário in Brazil.

01:33:59.759 --> 01:34:01.802
Congratulations!

01:34:24.325 --> 01:34:30.081
Can we have a collective nod about what is
important for us to be doing, as a species,

01:34:30.498 --> 01:34:32.249
over the next ten years?

01:34:32.792 --> 01:34:34.502
Can we agree on that?

01:34:38.130 --> 01:34:43.969
How do we get to the point
where it is not a political question?

01:34:44.387 --> 01:34:46.722
Climate change is not a political question.

01:34:47.640 --> 01:34:50.935
Surviving as a species is not
a political question.

01:34:51.018 --> 01:34:52.687
How do we get to that point?

01:34:53.312 --> 01:34:55.523
I hope that we can turn around.

01:34:56.357 --> 01:34:59.068
And this is turning around
our mental model.

01:34:59.735 --> 01:35:05.366
Then, the Homo sapiens sapiens agenda changes.

01:35:06.867 --> 01:35:11.872
We have never really had an
agenda for our entire species before.

01:35:38.858 --> 01:35:44.572
Twenty years ago, taking ayahuasca
in the middle of the forest,

01:35:45.573 --> 01:35:48.784
my uncles said something to us:

01:35:50.870 --> 01:35:55.291
"We are going to have a big massacre in Brazil.

01:35:58.919 --> 01:36:05.801
There will be a time of much destruction
so that we can start over at a new moment.

01:36:13.142 --> 01:36:15.561
This time will come.

01:36:16.187 --> 01:36:20.274
We will have to be prepared to save all of this."

01:36:22.485 --> 01:36:25.571
What will we do to help?

01:36:27.490 --> 01:36:32.620
- Over there, I planted açaí and
spread the seeds around,

01:36:32.661 --> 01:36:34.538
it’s full of them over here.

01:36:34.538 --> 01:36:39.126
- The Mucuna will kill it all,
if we clear the path like this.

01:36:39.418 --> 01:36:44.089
Let's plant Mucuna vines there,
that will climb everything.

01:36:44.298 --> 01:36:48.636
There, it climbs up everything.

01:36:49.637 --> 01:36:52.973
Today, the thought I have for
this world are in my actions.

01:36:53.224 --> 01:36:54.350
It goes towards that mango tree.

01:37:02.525 --> 01:37:05.194
We are fighting for a living earth.

01:37:11.575 --> 01:37:13.828
We are already forest scientists.

01:37:13.911 --> 01:37:17.790
There is no problem mixing it
with this science.

01:37:20.709 --> 01:37:25.881
All those things there that people do,
will lose their value.

01:37:26.006 --> 01:37:28.592
Because value will be found in plants,

01:37:28.634 --> 01:37:32.429
in a cup of water.

01:37:37.852 --> 01:37:42.773
No scientist wanted to humble himself
before our wisdom

01:37:42.773 --> 01:37:47.361
because they think that our wisdom
has no proof.

01:37:47.361 --> 01:37:50.197
But the proof already stands before us,

01:37:50.197 --> 01:37:53.784
through our vision and our lives.

01:37:54.702 --> 01:37:57.454
Now we need to act.

01:38:08.841 --> 01:38:12.595
Yorenka Ãtame Center was created
to bring together

01:38:12.678 --> 01:38:16.640
the knowledge of the traditional peoples
and also unite it with science.

01:38:17.308 --> 01:38:19.268
The knowledge of indigenous peoples will not

01:38:19.351 --> 01:38:24.023
be easily recognized by
the western world. No.

01:38:24.565 --> 01:38:29.820
Because we were born with a spirit
to defend the forest to our deaths,

01:38:29.904 --> 01:38:31.697
because it is part of our lives.

01:39:10.486 --> 01:39:15.032
There's wasps coming on.
They love'm too!

01:39:16.659 --> 01:39:19.870
So,sometimes you come out here
and there's five or six deer.

01:39:19.995 --> 01:39:22.790
All reaching up on their hind legs.

01:39:22.873 --> 01:39:27.002
Wake up in the middle of the night,
to get a glass of water, I'll stand in there...

01:39:27.836 --> 01:39:29.755
And they'll be in the moonlight.

01:39:29.838 --> 01:39:31.215
So they look like, mythical.

01:39:31.632 --> 01:39:33.717
Like mythical creatures.

01:39:34.927 --> 01:39:39.515
You know, and they're
reaching for the apples,

01:39:40.474 --> 01:39:41.558
and I think: "that's good."

01:39:43.477 --> 01:39:45.312
You know, this apple tree
wouldn't have been here.

01:39:46.188 --> 01:39:50.609
So, if you can say: "Is it perhaps
a little better because we're here?"

01:39:51.151 --> 01:39:52.695
Rather than the other way around.

01:39:52.861 --> 01:39:56.031
Which we're so used to feeling
so guilty about everything we do.

01:40:06.291 --> 01:40:07.626
I grew up catholic.

01:40:08.127 --> 01:40:11.797
So I was always told we had
a dark mark on our soul, right?

01:40:12.006 --> 01:40:14.091
And I'm tired of that.

01:40:15.884 --> 01:40:18.053
I reject that idea.

01:40:18.137 --> 01:40:21.098
We don't have a dark mark
on our soul, right?

01:40:23.559 --> 01:40:25.394
We can do anything we wanna do.

01:40:27.271 --> 01:40:29.064
I hope, in time.

01:40:34.028 --> 01:40:38.907
I am moving towards the way
we used to live on this planet,

01:40:39.491 --> 01:40:43.746
which was in a deep
spirit of reciprocity.

01:40:50.461 --> 01:40:53.547
Reciprocal generosity.

01:40:56.800 --> 01:41:00.345
Plants give you oxygen,
you give them carbon dioxide.

01:41:01.096 --> 01:41:03.432
I mean, we're in that reciprocity...

01:41:04.475 --> 01:41:07.811
but we've gotten so far from it.

01:41:14.234 --> 01:41:17.321
A biomimetic world is one
in which we return the favor.

01:41:22.117 --> 01:41:27.956
That's how we step into our role
as a natural species on this planet.

01:41:38.258 --> 01:41:43.055
Every species has to come
through this gauntlet.

01:41:57.236 --> 01:41:59.571
If a species doesn't contribute,

01:42:01.740 --> 01:42:04.201
in a net-contributive way,

01:42:05.536 --> 01:42:07.788
to make the place a better place,

01:42:08.872 --> 01:42:10.791
the species doesn't get to live there.

01:42:15.420 --> 01:42:18.674
I don't care what country
you're a part of,

01:42:19.550 --> 01:42:21.552
or what religion you're a part of,

01:42:22.386 --> 01:42:24.471
or what political ideology
you're a part of,

01:42:25.806 --> 01:42:27.683
you're not immune to natural selection.

01:42:32.229 --> 01:42:36.108
And there's some very, very simple
design principles on this planet

01:42:37.901 --> 01:42:43.282
And one of them is that
life creates conditions conducive to life.