00:00:00.720 --> 00:00:03.640
(speaker)
We have timing
of the landing engines.

00:00:03.720 --> 00:00:07.040
Backshell set velocity
is 83 meters per second

00:00:07.120 --> 00:00:10.560
at about 2.6 kilometers
from the surface of Mars.

00:00:10.640 --> 00:00:12.000
[pulsing sounds]

00:00:12.080 --> 00:00:14.599
We are currently performing
the divert maneuver.

00:00:14.679 --> 00:00:17.839
Current velocity is about
75 meters per second

00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:19.839
at an altitude
of about a kilometer

00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:21.399
off the surface of Mars.

00:00:21.480 --> 00:00:25.480
[beeping]

00:00:25.559 --> 00:00:27.920
We have completed
our terrain.

00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:29.399
Relative navigation.

00:00:29.480 --> 00:00:32.119
[beeping fades]

00:00:32.200 --> 00:00:34.920
Sky crane maneuver has started.

00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:37.479
About 20 m. off the surface.

00:00:37.560 --> 00:00:40.560
(speaker 2)
We're getting signals
from MDRS.

00:00:40.640 --> 00:00:42.439
Tango delta.

00:00:42.520 --> 00:00:44.799
(speaker 1)
Touchdown confirmed!

00:00:44.880 --> 00:00:47.679
Hypatia crew safely
on the surface of Mars.

00:00:47.759 --> 00:00:50.439
Ready to begin seeking
the signs of past life.

00:00:50.520 --> 00:00:53.200
[pulsing continues]

00:00:57.079 --> 00:01:01.600
[electronic music]

00:01:01.679 --> 00:01:45.280
♪

00:01:56.280 --> 00:01:58.640
[wind howls]

00:01:58.719 --> 00:02:01.280
[in Catalan]
Hypatia I is an analog

00:02:01.359 --> 00:02:02.879
Martian simulation mission

00:02:02.959 --> 00:02:05.159
at a station in the Utah desert,

00:02:07.599 --> 00:02:10.400
which will host
an all-female crew for 15 days.

00:02:10.479 --> 00:02:11.960
as they conduct

00:02:12.039 --> 00:02:14.520
multidisciplinary
research projects.

00:02:17.800 --> 00:02:20.360
These women have
an intergenerational profile

00:02:20.439 --> 00:02:22.199
with the hope of inspiring

00:02:22.280 --> 00:02:26.719
new scientific vocations
among girls and women.

00:02:35.280 --> 00:02:39.520
[soft music]

00:02:40.919 --> 00:02:43.319
An analog simulation
allows us to recreate

00:02:43.400 --> 00:02:46.960
daily on the surface of
a planet of the solar system,

00:02:47.039 --> 00:02:49.199
in our case,
of a planet like Mars.

00:02:49.280 --> 00:02:53.400
Traveling to Mars will be
very difficult, expensive,

00:02:53.479 --> 00:02:56.639
and very dangerous
for the crew.

00:02:56.719 --> 00:02:58.759
So we can simulate

00:02:58.840 --> 00:03:01.479
what a mission to Mars
would be like from Earth

00:03:01.560 --> 00:03:04.159
to make sure
we're well prepared.

00:03:10.840 --> 00:03:13.120
Mars Society is
the organization

00:03:13.199 --> 00:03:15.680
managing this Mars
analog mission.

00:03:15.759 --> 00:03:17.639
It has a call process
to receive

00:03:17.719 --> 00:03:21.240
international projects
and proposals

00:03:21.319 --> 00:03:22.719
from different teams.

00:03:22.800 --> 00:03:27.080
As a crew,
we presented our project,

00:03:27.159 --> 00:03:30.159
our mission, and our team,

00:03:30.240 --> 00:03:34.560
and we were selected
to lead this mission.

00:03:34.639 --> 00:03:37.360
It's very exciting,
and it's been a challenge

00:03:37.439 --> 00:03:39.439
that we didn't imagine
we would achieve.

00:03:39.520 --> 00:03:42.280
[soft music]

00:04:04.319 --> 00:04:05.719
My name is Sergeii Iakymov.

00:04:05.800 --> 00:04:08.199
I'm assistant director here

00:04:08.280 --> 00:04:10.840
at the Mars MDRS station.

00:04:14.280 --> 00:04:17.079
I have to stay almost all
the time here at the station

00:04:17.160 --> 00:04:20.120
to make sure that simulation
goes smoothly,

00:04:20.199 --> 00:04:25.120
and I only go to the nearest
town if I need some supplies

00:04:25.199 --> 00:04:27.079
or I have deliveries.

00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:35.680
When you put it on the shelf,
you don't have to put

00:04:35.759 --> 00:04:38.680
the whole helmet
inside the bag;

00:04:38.759 --> 00:04:40.879
just cover the visor.

00:04:40.959 --> 00:04:42.439
Careful.

00:04:46.680 --> 00:04:50.040
Pull this to provide you
air in the helmet.

00:04:50.120 --> 00:04:53.839
When you select projects
and crews and people

00:04:53.920 --> 00:04:56.160
who are supposed to come here

00:04:56.240 --> 00:04:58.439
and do simulation,

00:04:58.519 --> 00:05:00.720
we make sure that
Mars-related,

00:05:00.800 --> 00:05:04.480
special related research
or experiment,

00:05:04.560 --> 00:05:07.879
and also we make sure that

00:05:07.959 --> 00:05:11.319
everything is done properly
for ethical standards

00:05:11.399 --> 00:05:13.920
if it's human factor research.

00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:16.839
[wind howling]

00:05:16.920 --> 00:05:21.360
This is very similar to
what people need to be trained

00:05:21.439 --> 00:05:23.800
if they want to go
for a long space expedition.

00:05:23.879 --> 00:05:26.120
And my dream
is to be an astronaut.

00:05:26.199 --> 00:05:30.120
So it's kind of very big plus

00:05:30.199 --> 00:05:33.439
to... on my way to my dream.

00:05:33.519 --> 00:05:37.360
And a little bit disadvantage

00:05:37.439 --> 00:05:39.759
that sometimes it's too lonely.

00:05:39.839 --> 00:05:43.240
And I...

00:05:43.319 --> 00:05:45.839
want to see people. [laughs]

00:05:45.920 --> 00:05:48.639
[soft music]

00:06:07.079 --> 00:06:11.240
The Mars Society was established
in the beginning of 2000

00:06:11.319 --> 00:06:12.800
by Dr. Robert Zubrin.

00:06:12.879 --> 00:06:15.279
He was a NASA engineer.

00:06:15.360 --> 00:06:17.439
And, at that time,

00:06:17.519 --> 00:06:20.480
when everything was happening,
Mars wasn't a priority.

00:06:20.560 --> 00:06:24.399
There wasn't even a lot
of robotic missions to Mars.

00:06:24.480 --> 00:06:29.279
So, he decided
to choose another way

00:06:29.360 --> 00:06:34.240
to create Mars Society
and build stations.

00:06:34.319 --> 00:06:38.279
here in the desert
and the Canadian arctic

00:06:38.360 --> 00:06:42.360
to prepare for Mars exploration
in his own way.

00:06:46.360 --> 00:06:50.480
The main idea is to do
Mars simulation and outreach,

00:06:50.560 --> 00:06:52.800
and to be operational,

00:06:52.879 --> 00:06:54.439
and geological, analog,

00:06:54.519 --> 00:06:58.040
where people can come
to the station

00:06:58.120 --> 00:07:01.959
as a crew, and simulate
being on Mars

00:07:02.040 --> 00:07:05.240
and do geological,
biological experiments,

00:07:05.319 --> 00:07:08.439
and also do other types
of research--

00:07:08.519 --> 00:07:10.480
maybe testing equipment,

00:07:10.560 --> 00:07:14.600
or do human research
factor experiments.

00:07:14.680 --> 00:07:17.560
[soft music]

00:07:29.600 --> 00:07:31.160
[in Catalan]
I'm packing my suitcases.

00:07:31.240 --> 00:07:35.079
Water will be limited to
ten liters per person per day.

00:07:35.160 --> 00:07:39.120
for drinking, cooking,
do experiments,

00:07:39.199 --> 00:07:40.399
and for cleaning.

00:07:40.480 --> 00:07:43.600
So, we'll prioritize
washing dishes and food

00:07:43.680 --> 00:07:45.560
but not clothes.

00:07:45.639 --> 00:07:49.519
So, I'm packing a lot
of underwear and socks

00:07:49.600 --> 00:07:53.240
because on every outing,
we'll wear exploration boots.

00:07:53.319 --> 00:07:55.680
And the area is very dirty, too.

00:07:55.759 --> 00:07:58.480
Pajamas, of course,
and a sleeping bag.

00:07:58.560 --> 00:08:00.839
There's just one mattress
covered in vinyl,

00:08:00.920 --> 00:08:03.519
so I'll need sheets
to cover it.

00:08:03.600 --> 00:08:06.279
The team cap, of course,

00:08:06.360 --> 00:08:10.360
and my lab coat
to do experiments.

00:08:10.439 --> 00:08:14.040
I'll be working with urine
and iron salts.

00:08:14.120 --> 00:08:17.519
And, lastly, we have
the space suit,

00:08:17.600 --> 00:08:21.839
custom designed
by Sabrina Thompson,

00:08:21.920 --> 00:08:24.839
founder of the company
Girls in Space.

00:08:24.920 --> 00:08:27.079
Sabrina Thompson
is a NASA engineer,

00:08:27.160 --> 00:08:29.360
and Girls in Space
is the first company

00:08:29.439 --> 00:08:32.080
that designs space suits
specially made for women.

00:08:37.360 --> 00:08:38.840
My proposition is:

00:08:38.919 --> 00:08:41.519
if we go to Mars,
we'll need lots of energy

00:08:41.600 --> 00:08:43.919
to keep us warm
because it's so cold,

00:08:44.000 --> 00:08:45.320
and to generate oxygen

00:08:45.399 --> 00:08:46.960
because the atmosphere
is unbreathable.

00:08:47.039 --> 00:08:50.759
So, what I thought was:
can we make Martian batteries?

00:08:53.759 --> 00:08:56.799
Mars is red because
it has a lot of iron oxide.

00:08:56.879 --> 00:08:58.759
So, I'll try to make

00:08:58.840 --> 00:09:01.600
a battery
with iron compounds.

00:09:01.679 --> 00:09:03.360
As there's no water on Mars,

00:09:03.440 --> 00:09:05.360
and we won't have
much at the base,

00:09:05.440 --> 00:09:08.120
I'll use the crew's urine
for electrolytes.

00:09:08.200 --> 00:09:10.879
Every morning
I'll ask my colleagues

00:09:10.960 --> 00:09:13.679
to urinate in these jars.

00:09:13.759 --> 00:09:16.320
I'll need 1.5 liters
of urine daily

00:09:16.399 --> 00:09:17.919
for the batteries to work.

00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:19.519
[beeping]

00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:21.600
I need 1.2 liters...

00:09:21.679 --> 00:09:24.360
[all laughing]

00:09:24.440 --> 00:09:26.679
or 1.3 liters every day.

00:09:26.759 --> 00:09:28.679
[laughing]

00:09:28.759 --> 00:09:30.639
It doesn't get
any better than this.

00:09:30.720 --> 00:09:32.600
Girls, drink water, huh?

00:09:32.679 --> 00:09:37.279
Two or three bottles a day
from everyone.

00:09:38.559 --> 00:09:39.919
One for you...

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.279
No, we should
have them ready.

00:09:42.360 --> 00:09:44.360
I'll show that we can
use this energy

00:09:44.440 --> 00:09:45.840
to power an LED system,

00:09:45.919 --> 00:09:48.440
to germinate a small greenhouse

00:09:48.519 --> 00:09:53.120
and grow fresh bean sprouts

00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:55.080
for a salad.

00:09:56.519 --> 00:09:59.879
The idea is to test
a simple chemical process

00:09:59.960 --> 00:10:01.799
that will allow us
to go to Mars

00:10:01.879 --> 00:10:04.399
where we know there are
iron oxide compounds

00:10:04.480 --> 00:10:08.480
and, chemically,
process these rocks

00:10:08.559 --> 00:10:10.320
to extract iron ions

00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:12.919
which are suitable
compounds for batteries.

00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:15.200
This is the iron rod,
this is the battery,

00:10:15.279 --> 00:10:18.200
which has a compartment

00:10:18.279 --> 00:10:21.360
for the urine
and iron salts.

00:10:21.440 --> 00:10:25.960
Then we cover it
and insert the anode.

00:10:26.039 --> 00:10:27.759
This is the anode,
or the negative part,

00:10:27.840 --> 00:10:31.159
and the positive part is in
contact with the iron salts.

00:10:31.240 --> 00:10:33.360
The batteries are
connected in a series.

00:10:33.440 --> 00:10:37.200
Once the seeds are in place,
this goes here,

00:10:37.279 --> 00:10:40.000
you insert the lighting
system here

00:10:40.080 --> 00:10:43.840
to illuminate the bean sprouts
so they grow faster.

00:10:43.919 --> 00:10:46.320
After seven to ten days,

00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:48.840
we'll have fresh
bean sprouts to eat.

00:10:48.919 --> 00:10:51.480
This will be powered
by the batteries,

00:10:51.559 --> 00:10:53.639
which closes the project cycle.

00:10:57.480 --> 00:10:58.559
Well, that's everything.

00:10:58.639 --> 00:10:59.960
[laughs]

00:11:00.039 --> 00:11:03.960
[choir vocalizing]

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:11.000
[in Catalan]
Traveling to Mars
will be complicated.

00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:14.759
It will be a very long trip,
lasting six to nine months.

00:11:14.840 --> 00:11:18.480
[choir continues]
♪ Gloria! ♪

00:11:18.559 --> 00:11:22.440
♪ Gloria! ♪

00:11:22.519 --> 00:11:25.399
And once on Mars,
there will be many problems

00:11:25.480 --> 00:11:28.240
due to the planet's
physical conditions.

00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:32.759
[choir vocalizes]

00:11:34.200 --> 00:11:37.919
The atmosphere of Mars is
much thinner than Earth's,

00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:42.600
and so the sun's radiation
reaches the surface much more.

00:11:42.679 --> 00:11:45.039
Astronauts arriving there

00:11:45.120 --> 00:11:47.720
would have to
protect themselves more.

00:11:47.799 --> 00:11:50.799
[choir continues vocalizing]

00:11:58.879 --> 00:12:01.559
It's not a breathable
atmosphere for us.

00:12:01.639 --> 00:12:05.080
Any extravehicular activity
outside the Martian base

00:12:05.159 --> 00:12:08.519
would involve wearing
special clothing

00:12:08.600 --> 00:12:10.879
to protect us
from the environment.

00:12:10.960 --> 00:12:15.200
[orchestral music swells]

00:12:20.320 --> 00:12:22.399
Departure is scheduled
for 11 a.m.,

00:12:22.480 --> 00:12:24.360
so we have an hour
and 15 minutes left

00:12:24.440 --> 00:12:27.279
If you guys want,
let's finish picking up.

00:12:27.360 --> 00:12:29.399
-Yeah.
-What time do we start?

00:12:29.480 --> 00:12:32.519
We have to be down there
at 10:20 a.m.

00:12:32.600 --> 00:12:37.679
[indistinct chatter]

00:12:37.759 --> 00:12:40.759
The radios show
they're fully charged.

00:12:40.840 --> 00:12:42.279
Affirmative.

00:12:42.360 --> 00:12:45.799
Everyone who goes outside
must wear gloves.

00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:50.120
You can also take a map.
I've left it here.

00:12:50.200 --> 00:12:51.720
We can take it with us.

00:12:51.799 --> 00:12:55.639
Neus, you can take
any tools you need.

00:12:55.720 --> 00:12:58.799
There's a tool belt.

00:12:58.879 --> 00:13:00.360
-That's cool.
-There are bags.

00:13:00.440 --> 00:13:03.919
If you gather rocks,
maybe you can use them.

00:13:05.279 --> 00:13:08.799
Helmets must be
securely fastened.

00:13:12.840 --> 00:13:14.639
[in English]
Come check in.

00:13:18.240 --> 00:13:19.840
[handle turns]

00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:27.679
Three minutes.

00:13:32.600 --> 00:13:36.440
[soft music]

00:14:24.879 --> 00:14:27.840
[soft music continues]

00:14:27.919 --> 00:14:31.240
From here, we talk
to the crew that's outside

00:14:31.320 --> 00:14:33.759
so we can ensure
they're okay.

00:14:33.840 --> 00:14:35.840
Base to EVA, can you read me?

00:14:41.679 --> 00:14:43.720
Base to EVA,
where are you?

00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:55.559
Base to EVA,
are you all en route?

00:14:57.159 --> 00:14:59.480
There's no visual contact
from the base.

00:14:59.559 --> 00:15:02.600
I can't see you from the Hub.

00:15:02.679 --> 00:15:04.279
What are you doing right now?

00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:07.320
(astronaut)
We're returning to the rover.

00:15:07.399 --> 00:15:11.919
Perfect. Are you getting ready
to look for rocks?

00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:15.159
We're about to go
check out a mountain

00:15:15.240 --> 00:15:16.960
that I'm very interested in.

00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:19.879
(base)
Base to EVA,
good exploration!

00:15:19.960 --> 00:15:21.919
(astronaut)
EVA to Earth,
thank you very much.

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:24.399
(base)
And in every EVA,
I have to note

00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:27.000
how much battery they have,

00:15:27.080 --> 00:15:30.120
when they leave,
and when they return,

00:15:30.200 --> 00:15:33.360
and how many hours
they've been driving the rover

00:15:33.440 --> 00:15:35.120
so that we have a register.

00:15:35.200 --> 00:15:37.480
We write it down
when they leave,

00:15:37.559 --> 00:15:40.240
and when they come back

00:15:40.320 --> 00:15:42.879
we report it
to Mission Control at night.

00:15:42.960 --> 00:16:28.600
[wind howling]

00:16:28.679 --> 00:16:30.159
Now we close the door.

00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:36.320
We'll now perform
a pressurization protocol

00:16:36.399 --> 00:16:37.879
for three minutes.

00:16:37.960 --> 00:16:40.360
And so you don't get bored,
we'll play some music for you.

00:16:40.440 --> 00:16:43.320
[canned music]

00:16:53.720 --> 00:16:55.000
Hello, welcome!

00:16:55.080 --> 00:16:56.919
[all cheering]

00:16:57.000 --> 00:16:58.399
How is Mars today?

00:17:09.200 --> 00:17:12.960
This morning, we went out
and collected rock samples

00:17:13.039 --> 00:17:15.559
with a reddish hue,

00:17:15.640 --> 00:17:17.240
which likely indicates

00:17:17.319 --> 00:17:19.720
that they have hematite,
or iron.

00:17:19.799 --> 00:17:25.240
So now I'll prepare
an oxalic acid

00:17:25.319 --> 00:17:28.359
or citric acid solution,
which are weaker acids,

00:17:28.440 --> 00:17:30.480
to soak them for a few days

00:17:30.559 --> 00:17:32.799
and see if they
release iron ions.

00:17:41.279 --> 00:17:43.279
I need to test
that everything works

00:17:43.359 --> 00:17:44.559
with water first.

00:17:59.559 --> 00:18:02.680
This foam that forms here

00:18:02.759 --> 00:18:05.839
is due to the fact that urine
has other compounds in it.

00:18:05.920 --> 00:18:08.720
It might have
amino acids, proteins...

00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:11.759
It works better
with urine than salt water.

00:18:11.839 --> 00:18:13.920
35 g of common salt,

00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:17.640
it doesn't need to be refined.

00:18:21.880 --> 00:18:24.119
There's a little bit of foam

00:18:25.079 --> 00:18:28.759
A bit blacker,
because it has iron residue.

00:18:28.839 --> 00:18:33.359
We have this
dark closet without light.

00:18:33.440 --> 00:18:36.119
I'm going to put
the batteries here

00:18:36.200 --> 00:18:39.359
with the crop plants
illuminated with LEDs

00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:42.680
to create total darkness

00:18:42.759 --> 00:18:45.680
and germinate the seeds
with the LEDs alone.

00:18:45.759 --> 00:18:48.640
[suspenseful music]

00:19:00.240 --> 00:19:02.279
If we want to make
a colony on Mars,

00:19:02.359 --> 00:19:09.000
and feed the people
living there,

00:19:09.079 --> 00:19:12.440
one source of nutrients,
of animal protein,

00:19:12.519 --> 00:19:13.519
would be fish.

00:19:13.599 --> 00:19:15.880
But we must first understand

00:19:15.960 --> 00:19:18.279
how these environmental factors

00:19:18.359 --> 00:19:21.880
affect the development
and breeding of fish.

00:19:21.960 --> 00:19:25.079
And not just fish,
but studying them as a model

00:19:25.160 --> 00:19:28.880
helps us understand
how we humans react

00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:33.880
under these hostile pressures,
and environmental changes,

00:19:33.960 --> 00:19:35.440
which we're not adapted to,

00:19:35.519 --> 00:19:38.480
and which can
alter our DNA, our genome.

00:19:38.559 --> 00:19:42.000
My main scientific project
aims to understand

00:19:42.079 --> 00:19:45.079
how environmental factors,
specifically gravity,

00:19:45.160 --> 00:19:47.480
affect the development of fish.

00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:01.960
I will use the zebrafish,

00:20:02.039 --> 00:20:04.079
used as a model
all over the world

00:20:04.160 --> 00:20:07.359
for clinical trials
and cancer trials,

00:20:07.440 --> 00:20:11.559
to see how this gravity
affects DNA markers.

00:20:13.759 --> 00:20:16.119
(Laia)
Before going to Mars,
we did an experiment

00:20:16.200 --> 00:20:19.079
to study the effects
of hypergravity

00:20:19.160 --> 00:20:21.519
on the development
of these fish.

00:20:21.599 --> 00:20:25.079
First, we crossed
males and females

00:20:25.160 --> 00:20:26.880
in breeding tanks.

00:20:26.960 --> 00:20:28.920
The next day,
we collected the eggs

00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:33.000
and placed them in this device
to produce hypergravity.

00:20:33.079 --> 00:20:36.240
We place them in one at a time

00:20:36.319 --> 00:20:40.000
to control
the embryonic development.

00:20:40.079 --> 00:20:42.400
We leave them here
for five days.

00:20:43.720 --> 00:20:45.160
Before going on the mission,

00:20:45.240 --> 00:20:47.119
at the CSIC laboratory we saw

00:20:47.200 --> 00:20:50.200
that some fish
had malformations,

00:20:50.279 --> 00:20:53.400
but that the majority were fine

00:20:53.480 --> 00:20:57.200
and could overcome
these gravity disturbances.

00:20:57.279 --> 00:20:59.440
That's why I wanted
to sequence the DNA

00:20:59.519 --> 00:21:01.319
at the Martian analog station.

00:21:03.240 --> 00:21:06.519
These samples have been
in the suitcase for 24 hours.

00:21:06.599 --> 00:21:10.759
I tried to keep them cold.

00:21:10.839 --> 00:21:12.960
So they arrived thawed but cold.

00:21:13.039 --> 00:21:15.720
When we arrived
in the United States,

00:21:15.799 --> 00:21:17.119
the samples were fine.

00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:18.200
Saved!

00:21:21.079 --> 00:21:24.000
[upbeat music]

00:21:35.640 --> 00:21:38.480
In the fridge, I stored
the sequencing cassettes.

00:21:38.559 --> 00:21:42.400
I'm going to sequence
the whole fish genome.

00:21:44.359 --> 00:21:48.920
I'm using
a very small, portable,

00:21:49.000 --> 00:21:51.079
and very innovative sequencer

00:21:51.160 --> 00:21:54.079
that is connected
to the computer.

00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:02.400
Science is
a long-distance race,

00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:05.960
and things here at MDRS
have been no exception.

00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:11.599
I've run into a problem

00:22:11.680 --> 00:22:15.359
with one part of the cassette,
of the cassette sequencer,

00:22:15.440 --> 00:22:16.920
which isn't working properly,

00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:19.759
and I can't
finish studying this part

00:22:19.839 --> 00:22:22.640
that I was interested in
at a scientific level.

00:22:22.720 --> 00:22:28.079
I managed to identify
some rocks around the base

00:22:28.160 --> 00:22:31.920
that contain iron,
and I was able to measure it.

00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:35.920
I had expected the battery
to work worse with urine

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:38.400
and here, with the lab stuff,

00:22:38.480 --> 00:22:42.640
things never work as well
when you're doing field work.

00:22:42.720 --> 00:22:45.559
I had overcalculated
the structure of the batteries

00:22:45.640 --> 00:22:47.559
and it turned out
that with only three

00:22:47.640 --> 00:22:48.960
and the crew's urine

00:22:49.039 --> 00:22:52.599
I can power the LEDs

00:22:52.680 --> 00:22:54.759
for over 12 hours.

00:22:54.839 --> 00:22:59.680
And, lastly, the experiment
with the LEDs

00:22:59.759 --> 00:23:04.359
and soybean seeds
is a great success.

00:23:04.440 --> 00:23:08.480
I'm comparing how
a seed grows in the dark,

00:23:08.559 --> 00:23:14.279
under LED lighting,
and how it grows in sunlight.

00:23:14.359 --> 00:23:16.720
And the difference is fantastic.

00:23:16.799 --> 00:23:19.400
LED light stimulates growth

00:23:19.480 --> 00:23:22.720
and now I have
bean sprouts about this size,

00:23:22.799 --> 00:23:25.119
and I planted them
just seven days ago.

00:23:32.640 --> 00:23:33.599
(Laia)
During the mission,

00:23:33.680 --> 00:23:36.480
the goal was
to use this sequencer.

00:23:36.559 --> 00:23:38.039
The problem was

00:23:38.119 --> 00:23:41.400
that it got damaged
during transportation.

00:23:41.480 --> 00:23:43.839
So, I couldn't
sequence the samples,

00:23:43.920 --> 00:23:45.359
and I'm finishing them here

00:23:45.440 --> 00:23:47.640
at the Institute
of Marine Sciences.

00:23:47.720 --> 00:23:51.039
I hope to detect
epigenetic changes.

00:23:51.119 --> 00:23:52.799
This will give us
some insight into

00:23:52.880 --> 00:23:55.160
which areas of the genome

00:23:55.240 --> 00:23:59.160
would be affected

00:23:59.240 --> 00:24:01.519
if humans settle on Mars.

00:24:01.599 --> 00:24:03.559
Studying this model fish,

00:24:03.640 --> 00:24:06.440
will help us a lot
both at the biomedical level,

00:24:06.519 --> 00:24:09.240
by transferring
the findings to humans,

00:24:09.319 --> 00:24:11.720
and the aquaculture level,

00:24:11.799 --> 00:24:15.759
to produce food for astronauts.

00:24:17.960 --> 00:24:21.960
I hope that in 2024,
we have the results

00:24:22.039 --> 00:24:24.599
and can publish them
in a scientific paper.

00:24:34.880 --> 00:24:36.200
Women and space?

00:24:36.279 --> 00:24:38.880
The first name to comes to mind
is Katherine Johnson,

00:24:38.960 --> 00:24:41.519
one of the first
female mathematicians

00:24:41.599 --> 00:24:44.200
to break many barriers

00:24:44.279 --> 00:24:46.279
and who assisted
on the Apollo missions.

00:24:46.359 --> 00:24:48.279
I recently
learned about her story,

00:24:48.359 --> 00:24:49.680
and I find it fascinating.

00:24:54.039 --> 00:24:56.759
[in Castellano]
If we think
of Katherine Johnson,

00:24:56.839 --> 00:25:00.240
one of NASA's "calculators"

00:25:00.319 --> 00:25:02.759
in mathematics and physics,

00:25:02.839 --> 00:25:06.200
in charge of doing
the calculations

00:25:06.279 --> 00:25:08.920
of the first flights

00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:13.279
to take American
astronauts to space.

00:25:13.359 --> 00:25:15.920
It took a long time
for her to be recognized

00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:17.200
and become known.

00:25:17.279 --> 00:25:19.240
However, John Glenn,

00:25:19.319 --> 00:25:22.279
the first famous
American astronaut,

00:25:22.359 --> 00:25:24.519
trusted her very much

00:25:24.599 --> 00:25:28.920
and asked for the calculations
of his flights

00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:31.599
to be controlled
and supervised by her.

00:25:32.720 --> 00:25:35.039
(John Glenn)
Roger, zero g.,
and I feel fine.

00:25:35.119 --> 00:25:36.960
The capsule is turning around.

00:25:37.759 --> 00:25:40.440
Oh, that view is tremendous!

00:25:40.519 --> 00:25:42.319
(speaker)
Roger, turnaround has started.

00:25:42.400 --> 00:25:45.519
(John)
Roger, capsule turning around,
and I could see the booster

00:25:45.599 --> 00:25:48.200
during turnaround just a couple
hundred yards behind me.

00:25:48.279 --> 00:25:49.319
It was beautiful.

00:25:59.680 --> 00:26:04.440
Henrietta Leavitt
was part of a group of women

00:26:04.519 --> 00:26:08.839
who analyzed
astronomy photographs

00:26:08.920 --> 00:26:10.640
for Edward Pickering,

00:26:10.720 --> 00:26:16.319
that was derogatorily called
"Pickering's harem."

00:26:16.400 --> 00:26:18.319
But they did very tedious jobs,

00:26:18.400 --> 00:26:23.240
analyzing photographs
of the universe.

00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:31.440
Two years after
she passed away,

00:26:31.519 --> 00:26:35.119
a letter arrived to
the director of the institute

00:26:35.200 --> 00:26:37.599
nominating her
for the Nobel Award,

00:26:37.680 --> 00:26:39.839
which is never
given posthumously,

00:26:39.920 --> 00:26:45.599
for her studies
of the Cepheid stars,

00:26:45.680 --> 00:26:48.400
with a methodology
that later would be useful

00:26:48.480 --> 00:26:50.880
to measure distances.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:55.119
On board the spacecraft
Vostok 6, 1963

00:26:55.200 --> 00:26:57.839
The first woman to go to space

00:26:57.920 --> 00:27:01.319
was the cosmonaut
Valentina Tereshkova.

00:27:04.400 --> 00:27:10.039
She went to space
on June 16, 1963,

00:27:10.119 --> 00:27:14.279
right after the first man,
Yuri Gagarin.

00:27:14.359 --> 00:27:17.119
Valentina was selected

00:27:17.200 --> 00:27:20.440
from among more than 400 women,

00:27:20.519 --> 00:27:24.720
and one of the reasons

00:27:24.799 --> 00:27:28.079
for selecting her
as an astronaut

00:27:28.160 --> 00:27:32.559
was that she was
an amateur skydiver.

00:27:42.519 --> 00:27:45.079
Female astronauts

00:27:45.160 --> 00:27:49.200
represent just 13%

00:27:49.279 --> 00:27:52.680
of the more than 500 astronauts

00:27:52.759 --> 00:27:56.960
who have gone to space.

00:27:57.039 --> 00:27:58.359
It's like wondering:

00:27:58.440 --> 00:28:02.000
Why didn't Columbus take women

00:28:02.079 --> 00:28:05.480
on his ships?

00:28:05.559 --> 00:28:11.920
When humans first
started going to space,

00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:14.799
most of the astronauts
and cosmonauts

00:28:14.880 --> 00:28:17.400
came from the armies.

00:28:17.480 --> 00:28:20.000
And the armies had no women,

00:28:20.079 --> 00:28:23.279
and now they have few.

00:28:28.359 --> 00:28:30.240
For me, the words
“woman and space”

00:28:30.319 --> 00:28:32.200
represent two things:
first, inequality,

00:28:32.279 --> 00:28:34.279
since until now women
haven't been

00:28:34.359 --> 00:28:35.799
fairly represented
in this sector.

00:28:35.880 --> 00:28:39.039
Second, hope,
because things are changing.

00:28:39.119 --> 00:28:42.319
This is demonstrated
by NASA's Artemis mission,

00:28:42.400 --> 00:28:44.240
which wants to take
at least one woman

00:28:44.319 --> 00:28:45.640
to the surface of the moon.

00:28:47.559 --> 00:28:50.000
[in English]
I'm Christina Koch,
I'm a mission specialist.

00:29:00.559 --> 00:29:05.559
The stats say that most
research is conducted by men.

00:29:05.640 --> 00:29:07.160
Only 30% are women.

00:29:07.240 --> 00:29:11.559
In the field of space
it drops to 20%,

00:29:11.640 --> 00:29:13.519
11% in astronauts,

00:29:13.599 --> 00:29:15.039
and 7% in spacewalkers,

00:29:15.119 --> 00:29:18.799
or those who exit
the spacecraft into space.

00:29:27.480 --> 00:29:32.960
Events like today's help spread
the work beyond Hypatia's area

00:29:33.039 --> 00:29:35.680
and into many areas of research.

00:29:35.759 --> 00:29:38.440
We disclose the role
of women in research,

00:29:38.519 --> 00:29:40.000
engineering, and mathematics.

00:29:40.079 --> 00:29:41.480
We are very present,

00:29:41.559 --> 00:29:43.200
but it's not
talked about enough.

00:29:49.480 --> 00:29:54.359
Events like today's serve
to inspire scientific vocations,

00:29:54.440 --> 00:29:57.559
to show that science
goes beyond

00:29:57.640 --> 00:29:59.880
the laboratory

00:29:59.960 --> 00:30:03.359
and to attract new talent.

00:30:09.119 --> 00:30:14.400
At my faculty, there many men
and there are very few women.

00:30:14.480 --> 00:30:16.279
To give you an idea,

00:30:16.359 --> 00:30:18.480
in a class of 60,
there are six women.

00:30:18.559 --> 00:30:22.839
One of Hypatia's goals
is to create modern role models

00:30:22.920 --> 00:30:26.880
who live in the present day.

00:30:26.960 --> 00:30:28.640
[in English]
It's great to have you
here with us

00:30:28.720 --> 00:30:30.200
at the ministerial council.

00:30:30.279 --> 00:30:33.680
The much awaited
announcement of the 2022

00:30:33.759 --> 00:30:36.119
ESA astronaut class.

00:30:41.240 --> 00:30:42.799
Sara Garcia Alonso.

00:30:45.160 --> 00:30:47.920
[in Castellano]
I've been in love with science
since I was a child,

00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:50.759
I can say nothing bad about it.

00:30:50.839 --> 00:30:52.200
Following your curiosity,

00:30:52.279 --> 00:30:55.759
the ambition
to expand your knowledge,

00:30:55.839 --> 00:30:58.039
is wonderful and it's worth it.

00:30:58.119 --> 00:31:01.960
You work in multidisciplinary
and multicultural environments

00:31:02.039 --> 00:31:06.480
with wonderful people
and it always motivates you.

00:31:06.559 --> 00:31:09.319
I encourage you to pursue
this type of profession.

00:31:09.400 --> 00:31:12.319
There is a need
for female astronauts,

00:31:12.400 --> 00:31:13.920
as many as male astronauts.

00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:17.880
If women weren't needed
men wouldn't be either.

00:31:17.960 --> 00:31:23.200
If humans aspire to become
an interplanetary species,

00:31:23.279 --> 00:31:26.160
then we can't leave
half of the population behind.

00:31:29.319 --> 00:31:31.880
I work at NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center,

00:31:31.960 --> 00:31:34.079
on the Flight Dynamics team.

00:31:34.160 --> 00:31:35.839
I work on several missions.

00:31:35.920 --> 00:31:40.480
We calculate trajectories
and mission design

00:31:40.559 --> 00:31:43.640
from the perspective
of flight dynamics.

00:31:50.559 --> 00:31:53.960
My project is
an attempt to build

00:31:54.039 --> 00:31:55.440
a low-cost GPS.

00:31:55.519 --> 00:31:56.880
The idea is to see

00:31:56.960 --> 00:32:00.440
what kind of constellation
we need to build,

00:32:00.519 --> 00:32:02.240
how many satellites
we should have

00:32:02.319 --> 00:32:05.759
depending on what kind
of coverage we need.

00:32:05.839 --> 00:32:11.640
My role will essentially
be to use a program called GMAT,

00:32:11.720 --> 00:32:15.799
which does realistic
positioning simulations.

00:32:15.880 --> 00:32:18.680
The idea is to use CubeSats
for this kind of constellation

00:32:18.759 --> 00:32:21.400
because they are small,
low-cost satellites.

00:32:34.200 --> 00:32:36.920
We've just returned
from an EVA outing.

00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:40.039
-"Extravehicular activity"...
-Exactly.

00:32:40.119 --> 00:32:42.920
...to look for some
rocks for my project.

00:32:46.160 --> 00:32:48.000
Ariadna, Lieutenant Farres,

00:32:48.079 --> 00:32:50.039
came with me because

00:32:50.119 --> 00:32:52.759
she is much more
experienced than me

00:32:52.839 --> 00:32:55.079
in field orientation.

00:32:55.160 --> 00:32:56.359
Exactly, that's the idea.

00:33:00.200 --> 00:33:02.440
We have to orient ourselves
on the ground.

00:33:02.519 --> 00:33:05.000
We don't have GPS on Mars,

00:33:05.079 --> 00:33:08.279
we can't even use a compass

00:33:08.359 --> 00:33:11.119
because Mars' magnetic field
is much lower than Earth's,

00:33:11.200 --> 00:33:14.240
and the compass
would not point north.

00:33:14.319 --> 00:33:18.359
We must know how use
a map to get oriented.

00:33:27.759 --> 00:33:29.960
A GPS would have been nice.

00:33:30.039 --> 00:33:34.200
My project is
to build a Martian GPS.

00:33:34.279 --> 00:33:39.160
To build a GPS system
of the entire Martian surface,

00:33:39.240 --> 00:33:40.960
we would need
about 24 satellites.

00:33:41.039 --> 00:33:42.480
-We would?
-Yes.

00:33:42.559 --> 00:33:46.480
That's a lot of satellites,
but if we just explore one area,

00:33:46.559 --> 00:33:49.960
and limit our colony
to a certain area of the planet,

00:33:50.039 --> 00:33:51.960
24 satellites
may not be necessary;

00:33:52.039 --> 00:33:54.559
four or five would be enough.

00:33:56.960 --> 00:34:00.240
How much power would we need
to launch the satellites?

00:34:00.319 --> 00:34:03.839
A lot,
but much less than on Earth.

00:34:03.920 --> 00:34:05.680
In our GPS system,

00:34:05.759 --> 00:34:10.360
it takes each satellite
12 hours to orbit the planet,

00:34:10.440 --> 00:34:13.679
at an altitude of 25,000 km.

00:34:13.760 --> 00:34:17.639
On Mars, gravity is lower,
so for 12-hour coverage,

00:34:17.719 --> 00:34:19.679
the satellite
would be much lower,

00:34:19.760 --> 00:34:22.519
making it much more affordable
to put it into orbit.

00:34:30.280 --> 00:34:33.519
[in Catalan]
Soundcheck. We're at
the Mars analog station.

00:34:33.599 --> 00:34:34.840
Yeah, how's that?

00:34:42.119 --> 00:34:44.599
Hi, how are you?
I promised you a story

00:34:44.679 --> 00:34:47.320
about how we eat on Mars.

00:34:47.400 --> 00:34:51.199
This is what we ate
today at the analog station.

00:34:51.880 --> 00:34:54.599
We cooked some pasta.

00:34:54.679 --> 00:35:00.079
For sauce, we used
dried tomatoes and mushrooms,

00:35:00.159 --> 00:35:03.639
and we added oregano for flavor.

00:35:03.719 --> 00:35:05.719
We have tried
to hydrate the celery,

00:35:05.800 --> 00:35:07.599
but it's still a little dry.

00:35:07.679 --> 00:35:09.719
We'll save it for dinner.

00:35:09.800 --> 00:35:12.559
The cheese is also dehydrated.

00:35:12.639 --> 00:35:14.960
You have to drain it.

00:35:15.039 --> 00:35:17.559
It might not
be the best cheese ever,

00:35:17.639 --> 00:35:20.159
but it smells great.

00:35:21.960 --> 00:35:23.519
Wait until you try it!

00:35:31.199 --> 00:35:32.639
Remember, a trip to Mars

00:35:32.719 --> 00:35:36.119
takes six to nine months
one way

00:35:36.199 --> 00:35:38.840
and six to nine
months to return,

00:35:38.920 --> 00:35:43.239
so, 1.5 years of travel,
not counting mission time.

00:35:43.320 --> 00:35:46.239
So, the crew of a Mars trip,

00:35:46.320 --> 00:35:48.039
would have to bring
a lot of food

00:35:48.119 --> 00:35:50.440
for that much time in space.

00:35:50.519 --> 00:35:51.920
The pantry is full of cans,

00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:54.159
powdered food,
and other types of food

00:35:54.239 --> 00:35:57.440
that can be preserved without
refrigeration for a long time.

00:36:00.360 --> 00:36:02.920
This is for
when we get desperate.

00:36:04.239 --> 00:36:05.679
Peppers, tomatoes...

00:36:07.280 --> 00:36:09.920
-This is cool!
-Not bad.

00:36:12.360 --> 00:36:15.639
Strawberries,
mango, and blueberries.

00:36:18.880 --> 00:36:22.000
It's not easy
to cook like an astronaut.

00:36:22.079 --> 00:36:24.239
-A teaspoon of this?
-Yes.

00:36:24.320 --> 00:36:26.000
This one is also dehydrated.

00:36:26.079 --> 00:36:28.159
[overlapping talk]

00:36:28.239 --> 00:36:31.079
It's amazing how terrible
this orange juice is.

00:36:36.960 --> 00:36:38.199
Not bad.

00:36:41.639 --> 00:36:42.760
Not bad,

00:36:42.840 --> 00:36:45.840
but you wouldn't
drink it every day.

00:36:45.920 --> 00:36:47.360
-Can I finish it?
-Yes.

00:36:47.440 --> 00:36:50.199
[all laughing]

00:36:50.280 --> 00:36:52.400
So I cut from
the center, right?

00:36:52.480 --> 00:36:53.880
Yeah, here, here.

00:36:53.960 --> 00:36:55.519
-Go for it.
-Yeah.

00:36:59.599 --> 00:37:01.000
-That's good.
-Okay.

00:37:01.079 --> 00:37:02.639
Let's leave some for later.

00:37:02.719 --> 00:37:07.280
I cut them with some stem.

00:37:08.280 --> 00:37:10.960
-The biggest one.
-This one, look at this one.

00:37:11.039 --> 00:37:14.239
Wow! It's huge!

00:37:14.320 --> 00:37:16.119
-Go ahead, cut it.
-Right here?

00:37:17.039 --> 00:37:18.400
A little bit more.

00:37:19.119 --> 00:37:20.119
Perfect.

00:37:21.159 --> 00:37:23.639
Nuria Jar,
Catalonia Radio, Mars.

00:37:29.440 --> 00:37:33.559
Mealtimes are very nice
for the crew.

00:37:33.639 --> 00:37:35.760
Beyond the fresh produce,

00:37:35.840 --> 00:37:38.880
from the base's greenhouse,

00:37:38.960 --> 00:37:41.360
we also try to make fresh food

00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:44.679
from the few resources we have.

00:37:44.760 --> 00:37:46.119
For example,

00:37:46.199 --> 00:37:48.559
thanks to Ariadna Farres
we've learned how to make bread,

00:37:48.639 --> 00:37:54.000
and almost every night
we make two baguettes.

00:37:54.079 --> 00:37:56.360
It's a little piece of Earth

00:37:56.440 --> 00:37:59.039
that we've managed
to make on Mars.

00:37:59.119 --> 00:38:00.960
We never imagined

00:38:01.039 --> 00:38:05.239
that the crew's mathematician
would also become the baker.

00:38:06.039 --> 00:38:07.599
The dehydrated food
surprised me,

00:38:07.679 --> 00:38:09.000
I think it's very good.

00:38:09.079 --> 00:38:11.440
Yes, that was one
of the big surprises.

00:38:11.519 --> 00:38:14.400
That it's possible to make
tasty dishes with very little.

00:38:14.480 --> 00:38:18.320
-From a potato omelet...
-Yeah.

00:38:18.400 --> 00:38:20.880
...to broccoli and cheese soup.

00:38:20.960 --> 00:38:23.599
Just by adding water,
it's magic.

00:38:23.679 --> 00:38:24.760
Great!

00:38:26.199 --> 00:38:29.199
-And it's all astronaut!
-Incredible!

00:38:29.280 --> 00:38:30.880
This looks like...

00:38:32.599 --> 00:38:33.639
The food?

00:38:35.840 --> 00:38:37.760
We're eating very well.

00:38:38.199 --> 00:38:41.280
Whenever we start a meal

00:38:41.360 --> 00:38:44.320
we say it out loud,
but it's genuine.

00:38:44.400 --> 00:38:47.599
(astronaut)
It's not something fake like:
"Oh, that's good!"

00:38:47.679 --> 00:38:49.800
-What does it have, mushrooms?
-Fantastic!

00:38:51.559 --> 00:38:53.760
We're very hungry.

00:38:53.840 --> 00:38:57.199
It isn't the type of food
so much that's the problem,

00:38:57.280 --> 00:39:00.039
but that we're a bit hungry.

00:39:00.119 --> 00:39:02.719
Back on Earth
I usually eat a bit more.

00:39:03.519 --> 00:39:04.599
The food?

00:39:06.639 --> 00:39:09.199
The quality of the food
doesn't bother me.

00:39:09.280 --> 00:39:13.320
But rationing the food,
or eating only very little,

00:39:13.400 --> 00:39:17.280
so that we don't run out
before the end of the mission,

00:39:17.360 --> 00:39:20.480
and always have
the same amount of food...

00:39:20.559 --> 00:39:23.119
Some days, you're still hungry.

00:39:23.880 --> 00:39:27.800
I guess when I go back
to Earth and eat an apple,

00:39:27.880 --> 00:39:31.280
I'll realize how much
I've missed

00:39:31.360 --> 00:39:34.360
fruits and vegetables.

00:39:34.440 --> 00:39:38.360
If I had to eat
like this for months,

00:39:38.440 --> 00:39:41.159
I imagine it would be harder.

00:39:51.719 --> 00:39:53.920
Studying space is fundamental

00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:55.719
to know if we are
alone in the universe.

00:39:55.800 --> 00:39:58.679
We've asked this question
since the origin of humanity.

00:39:58.760 --> 00:40:01.480
Based on astrophysics,
it's unlikely

00:40:01.559 --> 00:40:03.480
that we're alone
in the universe,

00:40:03.559 --> 00:40:05.360
but it's not yet been proven.

00:40:10.639 --> 00:40:12.239
I'm have various projects

00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:15.280
that use the two telescopes
at the base.

00:40:15.360 --> 00:40:17.000
First is this solar telescope,

00:40:17.079 --> 00:40:18.960
which I'll use
to observe the sun

00:40:19.039 --> 00:40:21.159
in the morning
and early afternoon.

00:40:26.840 --> 00:40:28.800
The sun is there right now.

00:40:28.880 --> 00:40:32.000
The telescope is positioning
itself to observe it.

00:40:34.719 --> 00:40:37.760
The sun is right here,
it's shining on it.

00:40:37.840 --> 00:40:41.159
With this filter we can observe
the sun's chromosphere

00:40:41.239 --> 00:40:43.519
without harming our eyes.

00:40:47.239 --> 00:40:49.880
During the day,
I would be thrilled to find

00:40:49.960 --> 00:40:53.760
filaments and granules
on the sun.

00:40:53.840 --> 00:40:56.679
They're like bubbles rising up
from the surface of the sun.

00:41:01.760 --> 00:41:03.960
And at night
I would love to observe

00:41:04.039 --> 00:41:06.559
a series of objects
from the deep sky

00:41:06.639 --> 00:41:10.239
that are very beautiful,
like the Veil Nebula.

00:41:16.239 --> 00:41:17.760
From Mars the sunrise and sunset

00:41:17.840 --> 00:41:19.960
will have different colors
than on Earth

00:41:20.039 --> 00:41:21.639
because the atmosphere
is different.

00:41:26.599 --> 00:41:32.400
For example, the sunset
won't be reddish, but bluish,

00:41:32.480 --> 00:41:34.800
and that will give way
to the night sky.

00:41:34.880 --> 00:41:38.079
I would love
to watch it from there.

00:41:51.280 --> 00:41:53.599
I'm the crew engineer,

00:41:53.679 --> 00:41:57.199
but I'm also conducting
some biology research

00:41:57.280 --> 00:41:59.960
focused on a rather
curious being,

00:42:00.039 --> 00:42:01.679
the Physarum polycephalum.

00:42:01.760 --> 00:42:05.920
It's known as the Blob
because there's a B-movie

00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:08.760
about an extraterrestrial being

00:42:08.840 --> 00:42:11.760
that is a jelly
that absorbs people,

00:42:11.840 --> 00:42:14.719
and grows and absorbs
more and more people.

00:42:17.840 --> 00:42:21.159
They gave this name
to the Physarum polycephalum,

00:42:21.239 --> 00:42:25.639
because every day
it grows in volume,

00:42:25.719 --> 00:42:28.760
it eats a lot
and can grow a lot.

00:42:28.840 --> 00:42:31.639
[people in movie scream]

00:42:31.719 --> 00:42:35.199
[dramatic music]

00:42:35.280 --> 00:42:38.159
Physarum polycephalum
is a very interesting creature

00:42:38.239 --> 00:42:41.239
because it's a single cell
capable of learning

00:42:41.320 --> 00:42:43.440
and solving complex problems

00:42:43.519 --> 00:42:47.400
related to feeding
and adapting to the environment.

00:42:47.480 --> 00:42:49.280
A few year ago,

00:42:49.360 --> 00:42:52.360
a Japanese scientist
proved this

00:42:52.440 --> 00:42:55.519
by placing
food sources at points

00:42:55.599 --> 00:42:59.000
simulating a map of Tokyo
train stations

00:42:59.079 --> 00:43:00.480
with the Blob in the middle,

00:43:00.559 --> 00:43:02.480
which managed
to connect all the stations,

00:43:02.559 --> 00:43:06.039
creating a more
optimized network

00:43:06.119 --> 00:43:08.559
than the current Tokyo network.

00:43:14.440 --> 00:43:15.880
Simple organisms,

00:43:15.960 --> 00:43:17.559
like the Physarum polycephalum,

00:43:17.639 --> 00:43:20.920
appeared on Earth
500 million years ago

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:22.639
and at that time the Earth

00:43:22.719 --> 00:43:24.719
didn't have the atmosphere
that it has today.

00:43:24.800 --> 00:43:27.519
It had another
level of radiation,

00:43:27.599 --> 00:43:30.840
so this study will
allow us to observe

00:43:30.920 --> 00:43:33.320
the development
of these organisms

00:43:33.400 --> 00:43:36.119
on a different Earth than today.

00:43:44.119 --> 00:43:48.119
I've brought them dissected,
in a state of hibernation

00:43:48.199 --> 00:43:49.880
called sclerotia.

00:43:49.960 --> 00:43:51.920
When it's rehydrated,

00:43:52.000 --> 00:43:57.079
the Blob revives
and starts moving.

00:43:57.159 --> 00:44:01.920
I'll keep them in petri dishes,
with a gelatin.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:03.960
I have set up a system,

00:44:04.039 --> 00:44:06.840
a box with several cameras.

00:44:06.920 --> 00:44:10.519
The Blob must be in the dark,

00:44:10.599 --> 00:44:13.280
so there's also a flash system,

00:44:13.360 --> 00:44:16.719
and we'll see how it moves

00:44:16.800 --> 00:44:18.079
and explores its environment

00:44:18.159 --> 00:44:20.679
in different
lighting conditions.

00:44:25.079 --> 00:44:28.519
I've chosen wavelengths

00:44:28.599 --> 00:44:31.360
filtered by
the earth's atmosphere

00:44:31.440 --> 00:44:35.280
and which were
not five billion years ago.

00:44:35.360 --> 00:44:39.639
And see how the
Physarum polycephalum can move

00:44:39.719 --> 00:44:43.639
when stimulated
by a different radiation

00:44:43.719 --> 00:44:46.719
than what it receives
under natural conditions.

00:44:50.920 --> 00:44:55.079
We force the Physarum
to pass through a point

00:44:55.159 --> 00:44:56.880
where it's stimulated

00:44:56.960 --> 00:44:58.559
with these wavelengths.

00:44:58.639 --> 00:45:01.440
And we observe its behavior.

00:45:01.519 --> 00:45:05.000
We have always associated
intelligence with the brain,

00:45:05.079 --> 00:45:06.760
with a nervous system,

00:45:06.840 --> 00:45:10.280
and the Blob shows us
that that isn't so.

00:45:10.360 --> 00:45:14.280
It proves that without
a nervous system,

00:45:14.360 --> 00:45:16.719
there is memory and learning.

00:45:16.800 --> 00:45:21.360
And it takes us back
to the foundation

00:45:22.280 --> 00:45:24.519
of memory and intelligence.

00:45:24.599 --> 00:45:28.639
It has been observed
that the Blob can learn,

00:45:28.719 --> 00:45:32.760
anticipate periodic events.

00:45:32.840 --> 00:45:34.400
It's very interesting

00:45:34.480 --> 00:45:39.239
to identify the elements
of memory, of intelligence.

00:45:39.320 --> 00:45:41.719
[beeping]

00:45:43.039 --> 00:45:44.599
It has been interesting

00:45:44.679 --> 00:45:48.679
to see that the conditions
inside a station

00:45:48.760 --> 00:45:51.679
make it a little
more complicated

00:45:51.760 --> 00:45:54.400
to set up the experiment.

00:45:54.480 --> 00:45:57.719
There are significant
temperature fluctuations

00:45:57.800 --> 00:46:00.079
despite the thermal insulation.

00:46:00.159 --> 00:46:03.679
It's more difficult
to control the temperature.

00:46:04.639 --> 00:46:06.480
As for the water,

00:46:06.559 --> 00:46:10.199
when experimenting
with living organisms,

00:46:10.280 --> 00:46:14.079
you need to clean
the material often

00:46:14.159 --> 00:46:16.280
first with water,
then with alcohol, etc.

00:46:16.360 --> 00:46:19.800
But water is very scarce here,

00:46:19.880 --> 00:46:22.000
which is something
to keep in mind.

00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:26.159
So I've learned

00:46:26.239 --> 00:46:29.760
that doing an experiment
in these conditions is different

00:46:29.840 --> 00:46:34.960
than doing it
in lab on Earth,

00:46:35.039 --> 00:46:38.559
where you have everything

00:46:38.639 --> 00:46:41.079
you need to do it.

00:46:41.920 --> 00:46:45.679
Not enough data
can be collected

00:46:45.760 --> 00:46:47.599
in two weeks
to draw conclusions.

00:46:47.679 --> 00:46:52.840
I was able to observe
indications of adaptation

00:46:52.920 --> 00:46:55.599
to this ultraviolet
and infrared radiation.

00:46:55.679 --> 00:47:00.440
When the Blob searches for food,

00:47:00.519 --> 00:47:04.079
it initially
avoids passing through

00:47:04.159 --> 00:47:06.159
the places
with radiation exposure.

00:47:06.239 --> 00:47:09.840
After fasting for a while,
this hungry Blob,

00:47:09.920 --> 00:47:13.280
decides to and manages
to pass through

00:47:13.360 --> 00:47:14.960
the radiation zones to eat.

00:47:15.039 --> 00:47:19.360
So, we do observe
signs of adaptation.

00:47:25.079 --> 00:47:28.440
Mars is the next
aerospace frontier

00:47:28.519 --> 00:47:31.320
that humanity is facing.

00:47:31.400 --> 00:47:35.320
Mars is one of the closest
planets to Earth,

00:47:35.400 --> 00:47:38.800
so in practical terms,
it's the second easiest place

00:47:38.880 --> 00:47:40.559
to travel to after the moon.

00:47:40.639 --> 00:47:44.159
From a scientific perspective,
we know Mars, in the past,

00:47:44.239 --> 00:47:46.159
was a planet similar to Earth,

00:47:46.239 --> 00:47:49.760
or with conditions
more conducive to hosting life.

00:47:49.840 --> 00:47:52.480
That's why it's essential
that we go there,

00:47:52.559 --> 00:47:55.519
to find out if we're alone
in our solar system

00:47:55.599 --> 00:47:58.360
and if there was life
on Mars in the past

00:47:58.440 --> 00:47:59.840
as there is on Earth now.

00:47:59.920 --> 00:48:03.400
Yes, it is thought
that there was life on Mars,

00:48:03.480 --> 00:48:06.199
now it must be
proven and detected.

00:48:06.280 --> 00:48:08.360
[beeping]

00:48:09.679 --> 00:48:13.920
I'm also doing
an outreach project,

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:16.239
it's the CatMart project.

00:48:16.320 --> 00:48:19.360
The idea is to search
for life on Mars

00:48:19.440 --> 00:48:24.960
and bring sand
from the station

00:48:25.039 --> 00:48:29.840
to classrooms
and analyze it with students,

00:48:29.920 --> 00:48:33.000
to find out
if there is life on "Mars."

00:48:37.199 --> 00:48:43.920
Now we're on this rover
to collect samples.

00:48:53.920 --> 00:48:55.760
I'd like to go up there
for samples.

00:49:15.599 --> 00:49:18.679
Hey, what's up,
how are you guys?

00:49:19.679 --> 00:49:23.159
Welcome to
the CatMart workshop.

00:49:23.239 --> 00:49:24.320
Come on in!

00:49:36.440 --> 00:49:38.840
Who wants to help me
analyze samples from Mars?

00:49:38.920 --> 00:49:41.119
Nice, so many hands!

00:49:41.199 --> 00:49:44.280
I've brought a lot of sand,

00:49:44.360 --> 00:49:46.119
and you'll use your hands

00:49:46.199 --> 00:49:47.880
to analyze the samples,

00:49:47.960 --> 00:49:50.960
because I can't do it
all by myself.

00:49:51.039 --> 00:49:52.480
We'll make groups,

00:49:52.559 --> 00:49:54.119
and we'll analyze
the Martian sand.

00:49:54.199 --> 00:49:58.800
And I'll give you
a map of the Martian desert.

00:49:58.880 --> 00:50:00.639
I'll give you a tube

00:50:01.880 --> 00:50:04.480
that we'll fill
with water up to this line,

00:50:04.559 --> 00:50:07.920
and I'll hand out
aluminum foil samples.

00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:10.360
You'll have to look closely

00:50:10.440 --> 00:50:14.159
at the sample I give you,
they have very weird names.

00:50:14.239 --> 00:50:17.880
I'll also give you an envelope

00:50:17.960 --> 00:50:21.360
and we'll mix it with the mixer.

00:50:21.440 --> 00:50:22.880
I have three mixers.

00:50:22.960 --> 00:50:26.960
Then we'll put the sand in here
and we'll mix it all again.

00:50:27.039 --> 00:50:28.159
Okay?

00:50:35.840 --> 00:50:38.920
We'll put three drops
of our sample

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:40.639
on these membranes,

00:50:40.719 --> 00:50:44.599
and it will tell us how much
bacteria and fungi are present.

00:50:44.679 --> 00:50:46.880
Do you know
how we're going to test it?

00:50:46.960 --> 00:50:48.039
With a cell phone.

00:50:48.119 --> 00:50:49.840
It will tell us
how much bacteria

00:50:49.920 --> 00:50:52.239
and how much fungi there is.

00:50:52.320 --> 00:50:55.400
What does it mean
if there are 1,400 bacteria?

00:50:56.360 --> 00:50:59.039
Is there life on Mars or not?

00:50:59.119 --> 00:51:02.079
In the sand, yes, right?
In the sand we've detected it.

00:51:02.159 --> 00:51:05.719
I'm not so sure,
but I'd like to be an astronaut.

00:51:05.800 --> 00:51:07.920
I want to be an astronaut!

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:10.679
I just know
what the Earth looks like,

00:51:10.760 --> 00:51:14.480
but I also want to know
what the other planets are like.

00:51:18.079 --> 00:51:19.760
Traveling to Mars right now

00:51:19.840 --> 00:51:26.199
is an expensive, difficult
and extremely risky undertaking.

00:51:26.280 --> 00:51:29.440
And one of the main challenges
is the human limitations

00:51:29.519 --> 00:51:31.920
that we would have to face
living on a planet

00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:34.159
with a different gravity
from Earth,

00:51:34.239 --> 00:51:36.440
with radiation
harmful to people

00:51:36.519 --> 00:51:40.000
and with an unbreathable
atmosphere.

00:51:40.079 --> 00:51:41.719
There are many groups
in the world

00:51:41.800 --> 00:51:44.440
researching space neurology

00:51:44.519 --> 00:51:48.199
and the effects
of space on the brain.

00:51:48.280 --> 00:51:50.519
In this respect,
Mars is no different.

00:51:50.599 --> 00:51:54.599
It will have repercussions
on the human brain,

00:51:54.679 --> 00:51:57.360
for example, in regulating
the sleep-wake cycle.

00:51:57.440 --> 00:51:59.880
In neurophysiological constants

00:51:59.960 --> 00:52:03.760
related to maintaining
a circadian rhythm.

00:52:03.840 --> 00:52:08.199
This gets deregulated in space
and in simulation conditions.

00:52:08.280 --> 00:52:10.960
[soft music]

00:52:13.440 --> 00:52:15.719
We don't just sleep
because our body,

00:52:15.800 --> 00:52:18.440
which needs sleep,
randomly decides to do so,

00:52:18.519 --> 00:52:19.960
but because at nightfall

00:52:20.039 --> 00:52:22.519
biological processes
are activated

00:52:22.599 --> 00:52:26.079
that cause the body
to enter a state of rest.

00:52:26.159 --> 00:52:30.000
Going against biology,
will lead to health problems,

00:52:30.079 --> 00:52:32.719
which is what happens
to astronauts.

00:52:32.800 --> 00:52:34.880
On a 15-day mission,

00:52:34.960 --> 00:52:37.719
you may suffer
minor alterations.

00:52:37.800 --> 00:52:40.960
But if you go to Mars
for two-year missions,

00:52:41.039 --> 00:52:42.559
it would be a big problem.

00:52:42.639 --> 00:52:46.840
In reality, the health problems
would be due to sleep problems

00:52:46.920 --> 00:52:48.559
and circadian cycle disruptions.

00:52:48.639 --> 00:52:51.079
We'll use this watch

00:52:51.159 --> 00:52:56.039
to record sleep and wake cycles,
how you sleep,

00:52:56.119 --> 00:52:57.679
and the different
stages of sleep.

00:52:57.760 --> 00:52:59.960
The app detects

00:53:00.039 --> 00:53:02.599
night wakings,

00:53:02.679 --> 00:53:08.079
including the REM phase,
which would be this line.

00:53:08.159 --> 00:53:12.320
This indicates light sleep
and deep sleep.

00:53:26.119 --> 00:53:28.159
We've collaborated
with the Hypatia team

00:53:28.239 --> 00:53:30.840
to analyze sleep
and circadian cycle data

00:53:30.920 --> 00:53:32.440
and how this might affect them

00:53:32.519 --> 00:53:34.760
on an analog mission
to the red planet.

00:53:37.920 --> 00:53:39.760
[in Castellano]
Transferring a polysomnography

00:53:39.840 --> 00:53:42.119
to a Mars mission
would be complicated

00:53:42.199 --> 00:53:46.280
because you need
a powerful computer,

00:53:46.360 --> 00:53:49.519
expendable material,
like cables and sensors.

00:53:49.599 --> 00:53:52.039
The person wouldn't be able
to put the test on alone.

00:53:52.119 --> 00:53:53.639
They would need
an expert's help,

00:53:53.719 --> 00:53:56.199
and then the test would
also have to be analyzed

00:53:56.280 --> 00:53:57.840
by someone with experience.

00:54:04.360 --> 00:54:07.159
We decided to go
with a simpler,

00:54:07.239 --> 00:54:09.400
more comfortable,
and portable alternative.

00:54:12.079 --> 00:54:14.599
[in Catalan]
My personal experience
as a crew member

00:54:14.679 --> 00:54:16.159
has been very intense

00:54:16.239 --> 00:54:19.880
because the maintenance tasks
for a station like this

00:54:19.960 --> 00:54:23.639
and mission obligations
take a lot of time,

00:54:23.719 --> 00:54:26.800
in addition to the research
that we've each done.

00:54:26.880 --> 00:54:30.320
This was reflected in our sleep.

00:54:30.400 --> 00:54:32.679
We've slept little and poorly,

00:54:32.760 --> 00:54:36.239
and it shows in the results
of this study.

00:54:36.320 --> 00:54:40.000
[beeping]

00:54:40.079 --> 00:54:42.719
The hub,
which is where we live,

00:54:42.800 --> 00:54:45.280
or the main base facility,

00:54:45.360 --> 00:54:47.960
is a two-story structure

00:54:48.039 --> 00:54:50.840
with a diameter of 8 m.

00:54:50.920 --> 00:54:55.679
But it hasn't felt
claustrophobic at all.

00:54:55.760 --> 00:54:57.840
The only thing is the rooms,

00:54:57.920 --> 00:55:01.039
which are a bit small
or cramped.

00:55:11.800 --> 00:55:14.599
There's only one thing
that I have a hard time with,

00:55:14.679 --> 00:55:17.559
and that's not
having time alone.

00:55:17.639 --> 00:55:21.840
It's a huge contrast
because we're isolated

00:55:21.920 --> 00:55:24.960
from the rest of the world,
from the rest of the planet,

00:55:25.039 --> 00:55:28.280
but very little from each other.

00:55:28.360 --> 00:55:31.400
All the spaces are shared
except for the rooms,

00:55:31.480 --> 00:55:35.320
but they're not well isolated
and they're very small.

00:55:35.400 --> 00:55:37.519
The study results
that we highlight are

00:55:37.599 --> 00:55:39.280
that the crew members
slept less,

00:55:39.360 --> 00:55:40.639
had less REM sleep time

00:55:40.719 --> 00:55:43.519
and they got less rest
when we compared the mission

00:55:43.599 --> 00:55:46.679
to the basal time back home.

00:55:46.760 --> 00:55:49.440
Just as we trained
before the mission

00:55:49.519 --> 00:55:52.559
by doing physical
exercise routines

00:55:52.639 --> 00:55:56.599
and learning
communication skills,

00:55:56.679 --> 00:56:00.559
to function better
in simulation conditions,

00:56:00.639 --> 00:56:02.960
we should also have
sleep training

00:56:03.039 --> 00:56:06.000
to get regulated
before arriving to Mars.

00:56:06.079 --> 00:56:08.880
We understand that the results
of this study are limited.

00:56:08.960 --> 00:56:11.960
Mostly due to the duration,
15 days is not enough time

00:56:12.039 --> 00:56:14.400
to draw solid conclusions.

00:56:14.480 --> 00:56:18.639
However, it's a pilot test
to design further studies.

00:56:18.719 --> 00:56:21.679
This study is inspired
by the MARS 500 study

00:56:21.760 --> 00:56:25.239
which was also
a Mars analog mission,

00:56:25.320 --> 00:56:28.440
but with an all-male crew
for 500 days.

00:56:29.559 --> 00:56:32.960
We know that sleep patterns
can vary in men and women,

00:56:33.039 --> 00:56:36.039
but we don't have prior
studies on all-female crews

00:56:36.119 --> 00:56:38.679
and how their sleep
is affected in space.

00:56:38.760 --> 00:56:42.119
One of the problems
in medical research

00:56:42.199 --> 00:56:43.639
and even more so
in the space sector,

00:56:43.719 --> 00:56:45.320
is there's almost
no data on women.

00:56:45.400 --> 00:56:47.320
This is an initial
prototype experiment

00:56:47.400 --> 00:56:50.719
that would help us
obtain more data

00:56:50.800 --> 00:56:54.199
about how the female body
works in space

00:56:54.280 --> 00:56:56.840
and fill a knowledge gap

00:56:56.920 --> 00:57:00.760
that exists in the space sector
and in the medical sector.

00:57:00.840 --> 00:57:03.719
[upbeat music]

00:57:16.159 --> 00:57:18.360
One of the things
that people asked me

00:57:18.440 --> 00:57:19.840
the most before coming

00:57:19.920 --> 00:57:22.840
wasn't how will you deal
with limited water

00:57:22.920 --> 00:57:25.199
or how will you cook
with dehydrated foods?

00:57:25.280 --> 00:57:28.400
The question that
I was asked the most was:

00:57:28.480 --> 00:57:30.480
Are you sure you want to be
with seven women

00:57:30.559 --> 00:57:31.960
in a small space?

00:57:32.039 --> 00:57:33.880
Have you prepared
for cohabitating?

00:57:33.960 --> 00:57:36.159
Have you done anything
on a psychological level?

00:57:36.239 --> 00:57:37.920
And I always said no.

00:57:38.000 --> 00:57:40.000
In general, the atmosphere
is very good.

00:57:40.079 --> 00:57:41.559
We all get along very well.

00:57:41.639 --> 00:57:45.760
We are very different,
but we all get along very well.

00:57:45.840 --> 00:57:47.400
We're excited about the project.

00:57:47.480 --> 00:57:49.440
We're excited to
do this mission well.

00:57:49.519 --> 00:57:52.639
[friendly chatter]

00:58:00.480 --> 00:58:04.599
Being just women has influenced

00:58:04.679 --> 00:58:07.360
and made this experience

00:58:08.280 --> 00:58:11.599
very pleasant
from a human point of view.

00:58:11.679 --> 00:58:14.920
Dialogue has flowed
from day one.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:18.360
None of us feel
we have to prove anything

00:58:18.440 --> 00:58:20.159
to the team.

00:58:20.239 --> 00:58:21.519
So far,

00:58:21.599 --> 00:58:25.239
there has been no tension

00:58:25.320 --> 00:58:28.599
or discord.

00:58:29.599 --> 00:58:32.760
We're doing well, and I think
we'll finish the mission well.

00:58:32.840 --> 00:58:35.719
[upbeat music]

00:58:43.599 --> 00:58:47.280
Despite being isolated,
we didn't feel lonely,

00:58:47.360 --> 00:58:49.679
but I think that
on a longer mission,

00:58:49.760 --> 00:58:52.440
moments of peace,

00:58:52.519 --> 00:58:56.760
quiet, and solitude

00:58:56.840 --> 00:58:58.800
would be necessary.

00:58:59.760 --> 00:59:04.559
Not having a private space

00:59:04.639 --> 00:59:07.000
to read or relax…

00:59:07.079 --> 00:59:09.119
It's very hard
to find that here,

00:59:09.199 --> 00:59:11.400
and that's pretty hard for me.

00:59:12.440 --> 00:59:15.400
[wind howling]

00:59:22.880 --> 00:59:27.239
Maybe when we finish we'll say:
“We're done, that's enough.”

00:59:27.320 --> 00:59:29.039
But I don't think so.

00:59:29.840 --> 00:59:32.519
Being here is inspiring.
I like it very much.

00:59:33.840 --> 00:59:35.639
Nuria, you go first.

00:59:40.719 --> 00:59:44.199
Personally, I like
to exercise outdoors.

00:59:44.280 --> 00:59:47.599
Here on Mars
there are mountains

00:59:47.679 --> 00:59:49.760
and very big ones,
but they're not accessible.

00:59:49.840 --> 00:59:52.920
Whenever we go out
we wear the suits,

00:59:53.000 --> 00:59:55.559
and we leave

00:59:55.639 --> 01:00:00.440
for planned
and justified activities.

01:00:00.519 --> 01:00:03.440
We can't go for a walk or a run

01:00:03.519 --> 01:00:07.199
just because we feel like it.

01:00:17.159 --> 01:00:19.480
That's how it would be
on a mission to Mars

01:00:19.559 --> 01:00:25.239
because the radiation
on the surface of Mars

01:00:25.320 --> 01:00:29.239
would be harmful to our health.

01:00:29.320 --> 01:00:32.239
We would also
have to be confined

01:00:32.320 --> 01:00:36.320
to places safe

01:00:36.400 --> 01:00:38.199
for humans.

01:00:57.159 --> 01:00:58.800
If I could come back,
I would go to Mars.

01:00:58.880 --> 01:01:01.440
If I couldn't,
then I wouldn't go.

01:01:01.519 --> 01:01:04.679
There are too many people
I love on Earth.

01:01:04.760 --> 01:01:06.920
I probably wouldn't go

01:01:07.000 --> 01:01:10.800
because it takes
six months to go,

01:01:10.880 --> 01:01:14.440
two there,
and six months to get back.

01:01:14.519 --> 01:01:16.559
I don't know
if I would sacrifice

01:01:16.639 --> 01:01:18.920
so many months of my life
on a mission like this.

01:01:21.960 --> 01:01:24.119
If I couldn't come back,
I wouldn't go.

01:01:24.199 --> 01:01:25.800
If it's a round trip, yes.

01:01:25.880 --> 01:01:29.519
If it's a one-way trip,
it wouldn't be for me.

01:01:29.599 --> 01:01:32.119
I wouldn't go to Mars
without being able to come back.

01:01:36.199 --> 01:01:37.480
No.

01:01:37.559 --> 01:01:41.400
If I could go to Mars
and come back, I would go.

01:01:41.480 --> 01:01:42.960
No.

01:01:43.039 --> 01:01:44.920
-Even if you could come back?
-No, I wouldn't go to Mars.

01:01:48.079 --> 01:01:51.679
-Of course, I can't say no.
-They all said no.

01:01:51.760 --> 01:01:53.880
-They did?
-All of them.

01:01:55.480 --> 01:02:00.039
If I could only go to Mars,
I don't think I would go.

01:02:00.119 --> 01:02:01.280
I'm fine on Earth.

01:02:04.599 --> 01:02:07.480
Going to Mars now
is complicated,

01:02:07.559 --> 01:02:09.159
and coming back even more so.

01:02:09.239 --> 01:02:11.840
So, I really like Earth.

01:02:11.920 --> 01:02:14.320
Yes, I would go to Mars.

01:02:14.400 --> 01:02:16.159
Yes, I want to go to Mars.

01:02:16.239 --> 01:02:19.039
Not to Mars or the moon
or even to orbit,

01:02:19.119 --> 01:02:20.800
I wouldn't even
get on a paraglider.

01:02:23.719 --> 01:02:26.920
Without being able to come back
it would be a suicide mission.

01:02:27.000 --> 01:02:30.079
I think I'd rather stay at home.

01:02:30.159 --> 01:02:33.000
If there would be a project
or an expedition

01:02:33.079 --> 01:02:34.880
to make a colony on Mars,

01:02:34.960 --> 01:02:39.400
which means people have to
go one way and never come back,

01:02:39.480 --> 01:02:44.519
I'm pretty sure I'd want
to participate in that project,

01:02:44.599 --> 01:02:47.119
and go to Mars and live there.

01:02:49.639 --> 01:02:53.880
For the time being,
I see it as a one-way trip.

01:02:53.960 --> 01:02:58.440
It's a hostile trip,

01:02:58.519 --> 01:02:59.960
and at my age...

01:03:01.559 --> 01:03:02.679
I don't think so.

01:03:02.760 --> 01:03:04.480
I have a family.

01:03:04.559 --> 01:03:10.440
But I do want to help us
be able to get there and back.

01:03:10.519 --> 01:03:12.000
But that's still a long way off.

01:03:13.960 --> 01:03:15.599
My educated guess

01:03:15.679 --> 01:03:19.800
about the nearest
possible human flight to Mars,

01:03:19.880 --> 01:03:22.880
I would say it's
about 20 years from now.

01:03:24.920 --> 01:03:27.760
Mars is our next destination,

01:03:27.840 --> 01:03:12.000
if we want to become
an interplanetary species.

01:03:13.960 --> 01:03:15.599
My educated guess

01:03:15.679 --> 01:03:19.800
about the nearest
possible human flight to Mars,

01:03:19.880 --> 01:03:22.880
I would say it's
about 20 years from now.

01:03:24.920 --> 01:03:27.760
Mars is our next destination,

01:03:27.840 --> 01:03:31.679
if we want to become
an interplanetary species.

01:03:34.079 --> 01:03:38.280
I think maybe one time
we even can become

01:03:38.360 --> 01:03:40.519
not just
an interplanetary species;

01:03:40.599 --> 01:03:45.239
we may become an interstellar
and intergalactic species.

01:03:48.159 --> 01:03:50.800
The desire to go to Mars
is all good,

01:03:50.880 --> 01:03:52.960
but we must not forget

01:03:53.039 --> 01:03:55.480
that we must take care
of our planet.

01:03:55.559 --> 01:03:59.679
And space helps us do that,
and so does space technology.

01:03:59.760 --> 01:04:02.639
[choir singing]

01:04:24.760 --> 01:04:27.800
It really is an experience...

01:04:29.840 --> 01:04:31.719
that I'll always remember.

01:04:34.480 --> 01:04:36.559
Very nice,
a fantastic experience.

01:04:36.639 --> 01:04:38.280
It will surely be one

01:04:38.360 --> 01:04:41.239
of the most important
of our lives.

01:04:41.320 --> 01:04:44.679
Our contribution
to this documentary

01:04:44.760 --> 01:04:46.760
is to record everything
that happens

01:04:46.840 --> 01:04:48.599
throughout the day and save it,

01:04:48.679 --> 01:04:50.599
and that's a lot of gigabytes.

01:04:50.679 --> 01:04:52.239
Let's see if we did it right.

01:04:52.320 --> 01:04:53.920
-We did the best we could.
-Exactly.

01:04:54.000 --> 01:04:56.840
We worked hard,
but we had a great time.

01:04:56.920 --> 01:04:59.800
[both laughing]

01:05:00.880 --> 01:05:02.880
-Should we end it here?
-Let's end here.