WEBVTT

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(flies buzzing)

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(gasping)

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{\\an7}- [Voiceover] 43 years old.

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You get up, stiff neck
and painful knees.

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Things aren\'t like
they used to be.

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You start noticing it

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{\\an1}are these the first signs?

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{\\an1}(upbeat instrumental music)

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It happens to everyone,

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no matter where we are
from or who we are.

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Death.

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Humans have always wondered how

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we are supposed to
related to this.

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We founded religions
and created rituals.

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We research and philosophize.

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- If there are souls,

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where are they?

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- [Voiceover] We depict it
in art and in entertainment.

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We take life,

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we create life

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{\\an1}and we lose those we love.

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Life and death on
Earth are connected.

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{\\an1}Still, it is in our nature
to fight for survival

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as long as possible.

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13.7 billion years ago
the universe is formed.

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{\\an8}About 43 years ago
Peter D is conceived.

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Death plays a part from
the very beginning.

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{\\an1}Million of sperm cells die,

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only one reaches the target.

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We don\'t know precisely
how it happened,

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{\\an1}but 3.6 billion years ago

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the first lifeforms
appeared on Earth.

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The first biochemical coupling,

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{\\an1}a molecule with the ability
to duplicate itself.

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{\\an1}Eight years ago a new life,

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{\\an8}Tonje.

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{\\an1}As surely Tonje was born,
she will some day die.

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Tonje\'s mother is already dead.

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{\\an1}Tonje and Peter have experienced
how fragile life can be.

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Now they wish to learn
more about death.

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How are they supposed
to deal with it?

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Is it possible to
keep death at bay?

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Why do we have to die at all?

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And what place does
death have in nature?

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(heart beating rhythmically)

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{\\an1}- [Voiceover] The possibility
of life after death

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{\\an1}is explored in Phoenix Arizona
by the Cryonic Society.

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They believe that Cryobiology,

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{\\an1}the freezing of biological
matter is the answer.

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{\\an1}They propose freezing bodies
in cold storage capsules.

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Scientists are mostly skeptical.

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{\\an1}- [Voiceover] The dream of
finding a cure for death

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has always been with us.

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In the 60\'s some people started

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freezing their
bodies after death,

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hoping that future
medical technology

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would someday bring
them back to life.

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So far 270 people
and a few pets,

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have been frozen in this manor.

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{\\an8}Here at the Cryonics
Institute in Detroit

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we find a few of them.

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Stacked in these tanks that
are monitored at all times.

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{\\an8}- We\'re in the area where we
store our patients back here.

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That cylinder store
six patients a piece,

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that one holds 10, the
one behind us holds 14.

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A lot of people ask when we
expect revival to be possible,

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{\\an1}first we don\'t know if it
is going to be possible.

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We expect it to be
and we hope it will be

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{\\an1}and people estimate anywhere
form 50 to 200 years.

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Could be sooner,
it could be longer,

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it could be never.

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- [Voiceover] For those
of you who are skeptical

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to lying in a tank
indeterminately.

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You can freeze a pet or
a DNA sample of yourself.

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{\\an1}- It\'s a storage unit that
holds pets and samples.

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We do store pets for our members

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and we store tissue samples.

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It\'s a little bit
difficult to see,

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{\\an1}but that\'s liquid nitrogen
that they\'re kept in.

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{\\an8}- My outlook on life was
always that it\'s too short.

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There\'s not enough time to do

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all the things that
we\'d like to do.

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There\'s not enough
time to study, learn,

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by the time you know
anything you\'re about to die.

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And the idea is that this is.

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{\\an1}an ambulance to the future

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- [Voiceover] But is it
really such a good idea

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{\\an1}to find a cure for death?

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Modern humans already
live twice as long

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{\\an1}as they did 200 years ago.

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200 years ago the
world population

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surpassed one billion people.

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Since then we have multiplied
at a higher rate than we die.

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If we were to stop dying we
would create huge problems.

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Not only finding space
for all the new humans,

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but also with maintaining
resources that are probably

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{\\an1}at breaking point already.

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Life and death are
connected in nature

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and there is a similar
balance within our bodies.

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Millions of new cells
are formed every minute.

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To make space for them
the old cells must die,

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otherwise, we would
just keep on expanding.

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{\\an8}Kari Espolin Fladmark
is a cell biologist,

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{\\an8}who is researching cell death.

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For the body to
function perfectly,

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the superfluous or
malfunctioning cells

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are ordered to commit suicide.

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The body uses apoptosis
or program cell death

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to control how our
bodies are formed.

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Cell death is also
connect to aging,

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most of our cells have a limit

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on how many times
they can divide.

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And eventually our body
will start to breakdown.

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Scientists is working
towards postponing

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and even stopping
this breakdown,

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but we have yet to
succeed in this.

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{\\an1}Most people die of old age

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{\\an1}and age related diseases,

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but plenty of other
things can kill us.

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And there are wide
geographical variations

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within the most common
causes of death.

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In some parts of the world
infection claims the most lives.

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Other places,
hunger or violence.

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In western countries heart
disease is the most common.

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Everyday 150 thousand
people die across the globe

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and what we do with
all the dead bodies

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is a challenge that
continues to grow.

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Taiwan,

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one of the worlds
most populated areas.

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To buy a spot in a
graveyard is so expensive

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that very few people
can afford it.

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{\\an1}But if you leave the city

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and check into a
hotel after dying,

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there\'s a better chance
of getting a spot.

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Chen Bao Ta is one of the many

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graveyard buildings in Taiwan

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and if you come here
as a tourist it\'s
easy to get confused.

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Because here they
have a dining hall

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and a 24 hour staffed reception,

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but those who check in
here stay for a long time.

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- Hi.

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{\\an1}- What\'s the price of the
cheapest room you have?

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The cheapest room,
what\'s the price?

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- [Voiceover] Over
seven stories,

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{\\an1}thousands of Taiwanese people
lie effectively buried.

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{\\an1}The bereaved have key cards
and numbers for the box

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that hold the urn
of their loved ones.

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As in a normal
hotel the rooms come

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in many different price ranges.

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The challenge of what
to do with the dead

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{\\an1}really became a problem during
the industrial revolution

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in the early 1800\'s.

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{\\an1}Cities were growing rapidly

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and it was essential to
find hygienic methods

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{\\an1}for deposing of the increasing
amounts of dead people.

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One solution was to
create large graveyards

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{\\an1}on the outskirts of cities.

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One such graveyard is
Cimetiere Du Pere-Lachaise,

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the worlds most
famous graveyard.

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{\\an1}More than one million people
have been buried here.

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It is famous for some of
it\'s permanent residents.

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Such as, Oscar Wilde,

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Edith Piaf,

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and Jim Morrison.

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{\\an8}But as Paris expanded,

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{\\an8}what was once on the
outskirts of the city

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{\\an8}became a graveyard
within the city.

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Thus the graveyard
could not expand further

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and the issue of space
continued to grow.

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{\\an1}Something had to be done.

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Cremation was common in
large parts of the world,

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but most in Buddhist
and Hindu countries.

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In the Christian world
it was unheard of,

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but the population
growth contributed

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to this method
emerging here as well.

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The crematorium in
Parlisash was built in 1894

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{\\an1}and is amongst the oldest
and biggest in Europe.

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With cremation a
new problem arouse,

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pollution.

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Burning dead bodies
has contributed

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to large emissions of
soot, heavy particles

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and greenhouse gases.

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With modern equipment
the smoke goes through

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an extensive and energy
consuming process.

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But the heat from the
crematoria can be recycled.

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Those who are cremated
can in this way

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participate in the
cycle of nature.

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- One of the questions
that any crematoria

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{\\an8}or any city council or
local council has to answer

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{\\an7}when they want to do this
kind of heat recycling.

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They have to answer
what are you going to do

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with the recycled energy
or the recycled heat?

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- [Voiceover] In the little
town Edinburgh in England,

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{\\an1}there was a great deal of
commotion among swimmers

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when it was announced
that the local pool

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would be heated
by a crematorium.

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- Initially, when they
first announced the plan

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{\\an1}there were a lot of people
who had panic, (laughs)

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sort of a moral panic,
the moral, the craze.

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How is this possible?

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But once they explained
what was going on,

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they\'re very
transparent about it.

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There was a lot of very
interesting philosophical

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introspection about
reusing the dead,

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{\\an1}having the dead give back.

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What means to in
fact have a legacy

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{\\an1}for those who are cremated.

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- [Voiceover] The
notion that our body can

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be useful after our
death is not new.

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{\\an8}The Swedish biologist, Carl
Von Linne suggest in the 1700\'s

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that cabbage should be
planted in graveyards.

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There is a certain
appeal to the thought

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of being transformed
into nourishment for
flowers and trees.

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And many have found comfort
in the words, \"Earth to Earth,

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\"ashes to ashes, dust to dust.\"

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But does this
recycling really work?

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Susanna Wiigh-Masak
has developed a new

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and environmentally
friendly method of burial.

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This can turn dead
bodies into top soil

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as good as the compost
in your garden.

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Top soil is the layer
of soil where plants

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collect nourishment and
contain many organisms

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that contribute to
successful decomposition.

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When people are buried
they are normally

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placed below this
layer of top soil.

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Another problem is
that the human body

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is too large to allow
enough oxygen to access

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ensuring successful
decomposition.

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Therefore, if our bodies
to become useful soil

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{\\an1}nature needs a little help.

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Susanna and her
husband Peter\'s Method

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is patented and called Promessa

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and they have customers
across the globe

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{\\an1}who are waiting for this method
to be approved in Sweden.

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This technique involves
a freeze drying machine

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that even NASA has
shown interest in.

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In the promoter the body
is frozen to below minus

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100 degrees Celsius with
the help of liquid nitrogen.

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The process turns the
body into a substance

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that can easily be
broken down to soil.

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The substance is placed
in a biodegradable coffin

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{\\an8}and buried in the
upper layer of soil.

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{\\an1}Transforming the body into
nourishment for new life

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is natures way of
passing on life,

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but within modern
medical science

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there is another possible
use for us after our death.

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{\\an1}If Inger-Helen is to live,

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someone else must die.

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{\\an1}If a donor with a healthy
heart suddenly died,

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Inger-Helen has to
be ready to leave

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for the hospital at
a moments notice.

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43 years old,

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{\\an1}the thought of dying doesn\'t
seem as distant anymore.

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The physical decline
starts when we\'re about 30.

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The heart beats slower,

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the senses are weakened.

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There are those that
find this stressful.

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- [Voiceover] Today
we\'re gonna be talking

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{\\an1}about dealing with death.

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- [Voiceover] But can we fight
back or even overcome death?

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Many kings and emperors have had

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this as their life\'s ambition.

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The first emperor of China,
Emperor Shi was one of them.

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About 2,200 years ago he thought

00:24:08.542 --> 00:24:11.999
that eating mercury
would keep him alive.

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This is what most
likely killed him.

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Nowadays it isn\'t just
the rich and powerful

00:24:28.500 --> 00:24:31.125
{\\an1}who consciously work towards
keeping death at bay.

00:24:37.083 --> 00:24:37.999
{\\an8}Wanja Sjodin is 77 years old,

00:24:42.250 --> 00:24:45.459
but she has a body that many
30 year old\'s would die for.

00:25:00.876 --> 00:25:01.999
For those who seek good
health and a longer life

00:25:05.999 --> 00:25:08.584
there are multitudes
of different methods

00:25:08.751 --> 00:25:10.999
and products available.

00:25:11.876 --> 00:25:12.959
And it isn\'t always
easy to keep track.

00:25:35.999 --> 00:25:37.000
Some people reach
old age through

00:25:41.125 --> 00:25:42.975
a rigorous and conscious effort.

00:25:42.999 --> 00:25:44.999
Others get there by living
a completely normal life.

00:25:48.083 --> 00:25:51.167
{\\an1}Okinawa is a group of islands
in the south of Japan.

00:25:53.250 --> 00:25:56.792
This is the place on Earth with
the highest life expectancy.

00:26:28.709 --> 00:26:29.999
Shinpuku Taira is a
pretty ordinary Okinawan,

00:26:33.876 --> 00:26:37.876
he is 97 years old.

00:27:03.459 --> 00:27:04.167
{\\an1}We don\'t know the exact age

00:27:08.626 --> 00:27:09.999
of the oldest person
who ever lived,

00:27:10.125 --> 00:27:12.500
{\\an1}but Hiru Hobuka is at least
approaching this record.

00:27:12.667 --> 00:27:16.975
She is 108 years old,

00:27:16.999 --> 00:27:19.876
she was born in 1905.

00:27:19.999 --> 00:27:23.999
Six years old when
the Titanic sank,

00:27:24.125 --> 00:27:26.918
36 years old during the
attacks on Pearl Harbor.

00:27:27.375 --> 00:27:31.375
She was almost retired when
Armstrong walked on the moon.

00:27:32.542 --> 00:27:35.999
84 years old when
the Berlin wall fell

00:27:37.375 --> 00:27:40.000
and 92 years old when
Briteny Spears released

00:27:40.167 --> 00:27:43.834
\"Hit Me Baby One More Time.\"

00:27:43.999 --> 00:27:45.999
What does she believe is
the reason for why she

00:27:46.042 --> 00:27:48.999
{\\an1}has been able to postpone
death for so long?

00:28:12.209 --> 00:28:12.999
As the population grows older,

00:28:17.375 --> 00:28:18.999
it is becoming more
important that we understand

00:28:19.083 --> 00:28:22.209
{\\an8}the everyday challenges
that elderly people face.

00:28:22.375 --> 00:28:25.459
Scientists at
Lougborough University

00:28:27.125 --> 00:28:29.209
have developed an aging suit,

00:28:29.375 --> 00:28:31.999
so that young people
can also experience

00:28:32.042 --> 00:28:34.542
what an old body feels like.

00:28:34.709 --> 00:28:36.959
{\\an8}The suit was originally
designed as a tool

00:28:38.667 --> 00:28:41.125
to improve architecture
in hospitals.

00:28:41.292 --> 00:28:43.999
Many things can be
done in a simpler way,

00:28:45.751 --> 00:28:47.999
but there is still
truth in the old cliche,

00:28:48.125 --> 00:28:50.999
\"It ain\'t easy growing old.\"

00:28:55.209 --> 00:28:56.334
At the moment, there are
only 1.5 in a thousand

00:29:00.459 --> 00:29:03.834
that reach Hiru Hobuka\'s age.

00:29:03.999 --> 00:29:06.334
{\\an1}But there is life on Earth

00:29:08.876 --> 00:29:10.209
that makes her seem
like a young girl.

00:29:10.375 --> 00:29:13.167
Aldabra turtles
on the Seychelles

00:29:14.999 --> 00:29:17.459
are known for their old age.

00:29:17.626 --> 00:29:19.792
{\\an1}Several of the oldest ones
have most likely lived

00:29:19.959 --> 00:29:22.626
during the Neapolitan\'s
time, over 200 years ago.

00:29:22.792 --> 00:29:27.125
But even this life seems
short and hectic compared

00:29:27.292 --> 00:29:30.417
to the oldest living
orgasms we know of.

00:29:32.999 --> 00:29:34.000
In 2007 the evolutionary
biologist Eske Velasquez

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:42.626
set out on an
expedition to SIberia

00:29:42.792 --> 00:29:45.542
{\\an1}to collect Earth samples.

00:29:45.959 --> 00:29:47.459
What he found in the
frozen Earth surprised

00:29:50.999 --> 00:29:52.999
scientists all over the world.

00:30:04.167 --> 00:30:05.626
The oldest living bacteria are
close to 800,000 years old.

00:30:10.792 --> 00:30:13.999
These bacteria lie frozen in a

00:30:15.959 --> 00:30:17.834
completely sterile laboratory.

00:30:28.292 --> 00:30:29.250
For several hundred
thousand years

00:30:33.459 --> 00:30:35.975
the bacteria have
survived because

00:30:35.999 --> 00:30:37.834
they only need a small
amount of nourishment

00:30:37.999 --> 00:30:40.792
and they only draw breathe once

00:30:40.959 --> 00:30:42.975
during the course
of a human lifetime.

00:30:42.999 --> 00:30:45.626
No wonder that
the only bacterial

00:30:46.751 --> 00:30:48.167
colony that Velasquez is
willing to bring outside

00:30:48.334 --> 00:30:51.542
has only lived
since the stone age.

00:31:31.792 --> 00:31:32.500
Everything that lives, dies.

00:31:36.959 --> 00:31:39.042
And for someone to live
someone else must die.

00:31:41.209 --> 00:31:43.500
{\\an1}This is our way of getting
the nourishment we need

00:31:46.375 --> 00:31:49.334
and keep life going.

00:31:49.500 --> 00:31:51.584
And we eat and take many more
lives than we are aware of.

00:31:51.751 --> 00:31:56.584
In a single drop of
water we can find

00:31:56.876 --> 00:31:58.999
enourmous amounts
of microorganisms.

00:31:59.000 --> 00:32:01.626
They are the nourishment
for other organisms

00:32:03.584 --> 00:32:06.459
and also responsible for
decomposing the bodies

00:32:06.626 --> 00:32:09.999
of both large and
small creatures.

00:32:10.125 --> 00:32:13.375
One day even we will stop eating

00:32:14.626 --> 00:32:16.999
{\\an1}and become food ourselves.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:18.999
Within our body there
is an entire ecosystem,

00:32:22.167 --> 00:32:24.999
plenty of bacteria,
parasites and cells

00:32:25.083 --> 00:32:28.709
that live and die in a
close knit community.

00:32:28.876 --> 00:32:31.999
{\\an1}And the food we eat is crucial
for balance in the system.

00:32:33.626 --> 00:32:36.999
To keep death at bay
we rely on a constant

00:32:38.792 --> 00:32:41.542
supply of building
materials and energy.

00:32:41.709 --> 00:32:44.999
(bubbling)

00:33:20.876 --> 00:33:21.626
The second law of thermodynamics

00:33:25.999 --> 00:33:27.999
also explains why
nothing lasts forever,

00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:31.292
not even diamonds.

00:33:31.459 --> 00:33:32.975
Energy in the form of
pressure and temperature

00:33:32.999 --> 00:33:35.959
once created diamonds
from graphite.

00:33:35.999 --> 00:33:39.709
But if this supply
of energy stops,

00:33:39.876 --> 00:33:42.292
the diamond will in time,
once again become graphite.

00:34:17.083 --> 00:34:17.999
But even if our body must die,

00:34:22.250 --> 00:34:24.626
a piece of us can still remain.

00:34:27.334 --> 00:34:28.459
Our DNA can live on
through reproduction,

00:34:32.500 --> 00:34:35.292
but this does not
guarantee eternal life.

00:35:07.083 --> 00:35:08.125
There is a good
chance that our genes

00:35:12.250 --> 00:35:14.167
will end up in a dead
end after we die.

00:35:15.042 --> 00:35:17.292
But according to biologists,

00:35:20.209 --> 00:35:21.918
dead ends are crucial for
the evolutionary process.

00:35:32.876 --> 00:35:33.959
Humans are merely one
of several million

00:35:37.999 --> 00:35:40.167
species on Earth today.

00:35:40.334 --> 00:35:41.999
But science presumes
that between

00:35:43.417 --> 00:35:45.292
30 and 400 billion different
species have existed here.

00:35:46.083 --> 00:35:49.999
This means that over 99% of
these species are extinct.

00:35:52.584 --> 00:35:55.959
{\\an1}But what happened to them?

00:35:58.999 --> 00:35:59.999
The history of life here
on Earth is dramatic.

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:06.999
Humans still haven\'t
experience the worst

00:36:08.918 --> 00:36:11.209
of what nature has to offer.

00:36:11.375 --> 00:36:13.250
Most of the species that
have ruled the Earth

00:36:14.417 --> 00:36:16.999
have been extinguished
by gigantic catastrophes.

00:36:17.959 --> 00:36:21.000
Super volcanos,
gamma ray bursts,

00:36:22.999 --> 00:36:26.975
huge solar storms and
enormous meteor impacts

00:36:26.999 --> 00:36:31.999
are examples of incidents that

00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:34.626
can extinguish
almost all lifeforms.

00:37:03.167 --> 00:37:03.999
{\\an7}This is Sudbury in Canada.

00:37:08.334 --> 00:37:11.167
35 million years ago
this place was shaken

00:37:11.334 --> 00:37:14.292
to its core by a massive impact.

00:37:14.459 --> 00:37:16.999
This entire lake
is a meteor crater,

00:37:18.125 --> 00:37:20.792
living here at that time
you might call a bad day,

00:37:20.959 --> 00:37:24.417
but it could always be worse,

00:37:24.584 --> 00:37:26.792
because this lies
on the outskirts

00:37:26.959 --> 00:37:28.999
of another much larger crater.

00:37:29.042 --> 00:37:32.626
Larger than the
meteor impact that

00:37:32.792 --> 00:37:34.975
supposedly extinguished
the dinosaurs.

00:37:34.999 --> 00:37:39.125
It happened 1.85
billion years ago

00:37:39.292 --> 00:37:42.751
{\\an1}and at this point in time,

00:37:42.918 --> 00:37:44.876
the number of oxygen dependent

00:37:44.999 --> 00:37:46.876
organisms suddenly skyrocketed,

00:37:46.999 --> 00:37:49.999
compared to those that
didn\'t use oxygen.

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:52.876
Some scientists conclude
that this impact

00:37:52.999 --> 00:37:56.083
may have been a
determining factor

00:37:56.250 --> 00:37:58.542
for advanced lifeforms on Earth.

00:37:58.709 --> 00:38:01.999
As decedents of these lifeforms

00:38:02.125 --> 00:38:04.375
we are completely
dependent on oxygen.

00:38:04.542 --> 00:38:07.000
A few minutes without
this substance

00:38:08.334 --> 00:38:10.417
can inflict severe brain damage.

00:38:11.375 --> 00:38:12.999
And soon after this,
we start to die.

00:38:24.999 --> 00:38:25.626
(suspenseful music)

00:38:34.000 --> 00:38:35.417
- A major part of our cells are
actually small power plants.

00:38:39.167 --> 00:38:42.792
Like this power
plant here that uses

00:38:44.209 --> 00:38:45.918
water power to
produce electricity,

00:38:45.999 --> 00:38:48.250
{\\an8}our cells have
developed mechanisms

00:38:48.417 --> 00:38:50.959
{\\an8}to use the energy from food,

00:38:50.999 --> 00:38:53.334
{\\an8}to convert it into useful
energy that supports life.

00:38:53.500 --> 00:38:55.709
Now, for our bodies we need
oxygen for this tranformation,

00:38:55.876 --> 00:38:59.709
just as a bonfire
requires oxygen to burn.

00:38:59.999 --> 00:39:02.500
- [Voiceover] But
even though oxygen

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:06.125
is necessary for our survival,

00:39:06.292 --> 00:39:08.250
it is also a substance that
contributes to our demise.

00:39:08.417 --> 00:39:13.250
- Oxygen can react
in damaging reactions

00:39:13.542 --> 00:39:15.626
that will eventually lead to
aging or perhaps diseases.

00:39:16.083 --> 00:39:18.999
This can be visualized
in a very simple example,

00:39:21.250 --> 00:39:23.999
when you cut an
apple, it turns brown,

00:39:24.042 --> 00:39:26.751
it will get wrinkled.

00:39:26.918 --> 00:39:28.876
{\\an8}In a process that we
call oxidative stress

00:39:30.334 --> 00:39:32.999
and this is due to the
overexposure to oxygen.

00:39:34.209 --> 00:39:36.042
What\'s true for apples is
apparently true for humans.

00:39:39.918 --> 00:39:42.584
It just takes several decades.

00:39:44.999 --> 00:39:46.626
{\\an1}- [Voiceover] Antioxidants
are substances

00:39:48.709 --> 00:39:50.334
that counteract this process,

00:39:50.500 --> 00:39:52.500
they can be found in
different types of food,

00:39:52.667 --> 00:39:54.999
like chocolate.

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:57.167
We need antioxidants,

00:39:57.334 --> 00:39:58.834
but we don\'t necessarily
postpone death

00:39:58.999 --> 00:40:01.459
by stuffing in large
amounts of chocolate.

00:40:01.626 --> 00:40:04.999
- If you eat a lot
of antioxidants,

00:40:05.083 --> 00:40:06.542
that may actually
be harmful as well

00:40:06.709 --> 00:40:08.042
as if you eat a
lot of other foods

00:40:08.209 --> 00:40:10.167
and in addition,
antioxidants may inhibit

00:40:10.334 --> 00:40:13.626
reactions of oxygen that
may actually be useful.

00:40:18.959 --> 00:40:19.999
- [Voiceover] When the
heart stops beating,

00:40:23.999 --> 00:40:25.667
the cells stop receiving oxygen,

00:40:25.834 --> 00:40:27.999
they then collect
nourishment from

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:29.999
the sugars that are in the body.

00:40:30.083 --> 00:40:32.542
Lactic acid is formed
in this process,

00:40:32.709 --> 00:40:35.209
which leads to rigor mortis.

00:40:35.375 --> 00:40:38.125
When the cells
finally admit defeat

00:40:38.292 --> 00:40:40.584
other processes
are set in motion,

00:40:40.751 --> 00:40:43.209
the stiffness goes away
and decomposition begins.

00:40:44.667 --> 00:40:47.083
There is still a great
deal we don\'t know

00:40:49.834 --> 00:40:51.375
{\\an1}about the process of decay,

00:40:51.542 --> 00:40:53.999
but luckily someone has
volunteered to find out more.

00:40:55.999 --> 00:40:57.209
{\\an1}- This center began in 1980

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:03.334
{\\an8}and in 1981 began getting
the first body donations.

00:41:08.042 --> 00:41:09.083
This is the first
natural outdoor facility

00:41:13.209 --> 00:41:16.459
{\\an8}for understanding
human decomposition.

00:41:16.626 --> 00:41:20.042
- [Voiceover] The so
called \"Body Farm\"

00:41:21.250 --> 00:41:22.792
is a 10 acre site that is run by

00:41:22.959 --> 00:41:24.834
the University of Tennessee.

00:41:24.999 --> 00:41:26.626
About a hundred human
bodies are placed here

00:41:27.999 --> 00:41:30.167
in different ways every year.

00:41:30.334 --> 00:41:31.999
The aim is to learn more about

00:41:33.334 --> 00:41:34.792
how the human body decomposes
under different conditions.

00:41:34.999 --> 00:41:38.999
To professionals like
crime scene investigators,

00:41:40.125 --> 00:41:43.459
{\\an1}this can be very helpful.

00:41:43.626 --> 00:41:45.334
- When a body is found
that is decomposing,

00:41:46.999 --> 00:41:49.000
{\\an1}there are several changes
that happen to the body

00:41:49.167 --> 00:41:51.834
and that\'s one of the
things that we study here

00:41:51.999 --> 00:41:53.999
and we try to understand
what those changes are

00:41:54.083 --> 00:41:56.975
and the sequence
of those changes.

00:41:56.999 --> 00:41:58.834
This individual has
been at the facility

00:41:59.999 --> 00:42:01.918
{\\an1}for a couple of months now,

00:42:01.999 --> 00:42:04.334
most of the soft tissue is gone,

00:42:04.500 --> 00:42:06.876
removed by the insects
but what we have left

00:42:06.999 --> 00:42:10.000
are some hard ligaments
and also the skin.

00:42:12.459 --> 00:42:13.500
I obviously see it
as a dead person

00:42:17.626 --> 00:42:19.834
but I also see it
as information.

00:42:24.250 --> 00:42:24.999
I am an organ donor,

00:42:29.417 --> 00:42:31.042
I would feel good if I
could help somebody else

00:42:31.209 --> 00:42:34.417
with my donation
of eyes or heart

00:42:34.584 --> 00:42:37.209
or whatever\'s of use at
the time, to somebody

00:42:37.375 --> 00:42:40.584
and I think people feel
the same way about this.

00:42:41.500 --> 00:42:43.334
- [Voiceover] What happens
to your body after you die

00:42:46.667 --> 00:42:48.975
can provide useful
information to both

00:42:48.999 --> 00:42:50.999
scientists and investigators.

00:42:51.083 --> 00:42:54.125
But sometimes it is the
study of the cause of death

00:42:54.292 --> 00:42:57.250
that can lead us to save
others, millions of others.

00:42:57.959 --> 00:43:01.375
Baltimore 1951,
one woman\'s death

00:43:02.999 --> 00:43:06.375
{\\an1}leads to a huge breakthrough
in medical science.

00:43:06.542 --> 00:43:09.626
Henrietta Lacks was 31 years old

00:43:11.209 --> 00:43:13.709
when she died of uterine cancer.

00:43:13.876 --> 00:43:16.417
She was admitted to
Johns Hopkins Hospital

00:43:16.584 --> 00:43:18.959
{\\an1}and without her knowledge

00:43:18.999 --> 00:43:20.334
a cell sample was
taken from her.

00:43:20.500 --> 00:43:22.709
It turned out that
these cells were unique.

00:43:24.667 --> 00:43:26.999
{\\an1}The scientist George Otto
Gey had for many years

00:43:29.834 --> 00:43:32.584
attempted to get cells
to live and divide

00:43:32.751 --> 00:43:35.975
outside the human body

00:43:35.999 --> 00:43:37.999
and with Henrietta\'s cancer
cells he finally succeeded.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:42.834
{\\an1}Up to this point in time,
one usually relied only

00:43:42.999 --> 00:43:46.250
on live human beings
for medical testing.

00:43:46.417 --> 00:43:49.459
In most cases, only
the poorest people

00:43:50.584 --> 00:43:53.125
were desperate
enough to volunteer

00:43:53.292 --> 00:43:55.500
for these kinds of experiments.

00:43:55.667 --> 00:43:57.709
But with Henrietta\'s
unique cells,

00:43:58.751 --> 00:44:00.834
it was now possible to simulate

00:44:00.999 --> 00:44:02.876
diseases outside of the body.

00:44:02.999 --> 00:44:05.417
This led to enormous
improvements

00:44:05.584 --> 00:44:07.751
and developments
within medical research

00:44:07.918 --> 00:44:10.042
and in 1952 the cells
became an important tool

00:44:10.209 --> 00:44:14.626
in what would be a
great medical victory,

00:44:14.792 --> 00:44:17.918
a vaccine against polio.

00:44:19.667 --> 00:44:20.792
HELA cells are named
after Henrietta

00:44:24.834 --> 00:44:27.584
{\\an1}and have since the 1950\'s become
a billion dollar industry.

00:44:27.751 --> 00:44:31.375
Today they are used to conduct

00:44:32.834 --> 00:44:34.250
research on everything
from cancer to genetics,

00:44:34.417 --> 00:44:37.876
from nanotechnology to aids.

00:44:38.999 --> 00:44:40.292
One of the thousands
of people who

00:44:44.042 --> 00:44:45.375
have used Henrietta
cells for research

00:44:45.542 --> 00:44:47.876
is Matteus Zigla.

00:44:47.999 --> 00:44:50.167
{\\an1}- We\'re trying to understand
some of the fundamental

00:44:50.334 --> 00:44:52.542
mechanisms of how our cells work

00:44:52.709 --> 00:44:54.626
{\\an1}and to do that HELA cells
have been instrumental.

00:44:54.792 --> 00:44:58.000
You could just imagine,
like in this room,

00:44:58.167 --> 00:44:59.999
{\\an1}there are as many different
switches in our cells

00:45:00.125 --> 00:45:02.999
and in the end these
switches interact.

00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:06.459
- [Voiceover] These
molecular switches

00:45:06.626 --> 00:45:08.042
largely control
how cells behave.

00:45:08.209 --> 00:45:11.042
If scientists can
understand how they work

00:45:11.209 --> 00:45:13.834
they might be able to
manipulate the cell\'s behavior.

00:45:14.042 --> 00:45:17.250
- The usefulness of
HELA cells in our hands

00:45:19.209 --> 00:45:21.083
{\\an1}is that it can disintegrate

00:45:21.250 --> 00:45:22.709
and look at the
individual switches

00:45:22.876 --> 00:45:24.500
and once we understand how
an individual switch works,

00:45:24.667 --> 00:45:27.417
we can put them back together

00:45:27.584 --> 00:45:28.999
and try to understand
the network.

00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:30.834
We can actually look
into cancer cells

00:45:32.375 --> 00:45:34.292
and then what may be
wrong with these switches,

00:45:34.459 --> 00:45:36.542
and when we learn to turn
some of these switches off,

00:45:36.709 --> 00:45:39.125
we may kill the
cancer cells without

00:45:39.292 --> 00:45:40.999
affecting the healthy tissues.

00:45:41.125 --> 00:45:42.918
- [Voiceover] The
knowledge we now have

00:45:44.292 --> 00:45:45.584
about how the body works
on a cellular level

00:45:45.751 --> 00:45:48.375
has lead to a revolution
within medical science.

00:45:48.542 --> 00:45:51.459
Average life expectancy
on a world basis,

00:45:52.500 --> 00:45:54.999
has risen to
approximately 70 years old

00:45:55.125 --> 00:45:58.334
and it continues to increase.

00:45:59.959 --> 00:46:00.999
In comparison, the
life expectancy

00:46:04.999 --> 00:46:06.999
in Vienna during the
1700\'s was under 30 years.

00:46:07.083 --> 00:46:11.250
{\\an8}One of the world\'s
great composers,

00:46:12.250 --> 00:46:14.042
{\\an8}Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
died only 34 years old.

00:46:14.999 --> 00:46:18.959
{\\an8}But in his time, one could
say he was relatively old.

00:46:19.999 --> 00:46:23.709
(classic piano)

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And even if you still
consider this too young,

00:46:27.751 --> 00:46:30.959
compared to a mayfly
or and aldabra turtle,

00:46:30.999 --> 00:46:34.417
you could say he accomplished
quite a lot in his lifetime.

00:46:42.792 --> 00:46:43.542
Regardless of how old we become,

00:46:47.959 --> 00:46:49.834
we still want more.

00:46:49.999 --> 00:46:51.975
The dream of eternal
life lives on.

00:46:51.999 --> 00:46:54.999
Already we are able to integrate

00:46:56.459 --> 00:46:58.375
advanced technology
with our body.

00:46:58.542 --> 00:47:01.975
It is becoming more
and more common

00:47:01.999 --> 00:47:04.000
to replace damaged
organs and body parts

00:47:04.167 --> 00:47:07.125
{\\an1}with artificial implants.

00:47:07.709 --> 00:47:09.375
But there are those who
believe we will soon

00:47:12.876 --> 00:47:15.542
be able to leave our
body behind completely.

00:47:15.709 --> 00:47:18.792
(jazzy, bouncy music)

00:47:19.876 --> 00:47:23.167
{\\an8}So, the first step is to
make human-like robot,

00:47:24.999 --> 00:47:28.417
{\\an8}which we call avatar.

00:47:28.584 --> 00:47:30.042
{\\an8}And to make their
perfect control system

00:47:30.209 --> 00:47:32.709
via our brain
comptuer interface.

00:47:32.876 --> 00:47:35.975
- [Voiceover] The Russian
billionaire Dmitry Itskov

00:47:35.999 --> 00:47:38.375
has had a robot avatar
of himself constructed,

00:47:38.542 --> 00:47:41.459
that he hopes to one day
control with his mind.

00:47:41.626 --> 00:47:44.918
But his ambitions
don\'t stop with

00:47:46.626 --> 00:47:48.000
filling the world with such
thought controlled robots.

00:47:48.167 --> 00:47:51.083
No, he wishes to--

00:47:52.375 --> 00:47:54.125
- Finally make the
artificial brain

00:47:54.292 --> 00:47:55.999
{\\an1}to which we can transfer the
individual consciousness.

00:47:56.125 --> 00:47:59.292
- [Voiceover] The epoch of
cybernetic immortality begins.

00:47:59.918 --> 00:48:02.834
- [Voiceover] Itskov
believes that by 2045,

00:48:04.999 --> 00:48:07.999
{\\an1}we will be able to digitally
transfer our conciousness

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:11.792
into nanorobots
and holograms that

00:48:11.959 --> 00:48:14.375
can take on any form we choose.

00:48:14.542 --> 00:48:16.918
- [Itskov] Now we are
facing the time where

00:48:16.999 --> 00:48:19.125
unconscious evolution
period has almost finished

00:48:19.292 --> 00:48:23.542
and we\'ve come to the new era,

00:48:23.709 --> 00:48:25.999
when controlled human
evolution can happen.

00:48:26.042 --> 00:48:29.209
- [Voiceover]
Whether we will ever

00:48:30.999 --> 00:48:32.334
achieve eternal digital life

00:48:32.500 --> 00:48:34.250
and be able to rid ourselves of

00:48:34.417 --> 00:48:36.459
our bothersome perishable
bodies remains to be seen.

00:48:39.667 --> 00:48:40.999
We don\'t know if life exists
in other parts of the universe,

00:48:44.834 --> 00:48:49.459
{\\an1}we might need to live very
long lives to find them,

00:48:49.626 --> 00:48:52.876
but our lives can never
be completely eternal,

00:48:52.999 --> 00:48:56.667
{\\an1}everything we know of will
at some point be gone.

00:48:56.834 --> 00:49:00.459
Plantets, stars and galaxies,

00:49:00.626 --> 00:49:02.876
and maybe even the
universe itself

00:49:02.999 --> 00:49:05.584
has a kind of life and death.

00:49:05.751 --> 00:49:07.975
- He\'s been depressed.

00:49:07.999 --> 00:49:09.250
All of a sudden he
can\'t do anything.

00:49:09.417 --> 00:49:11.083
- Why are you depressed Alvy?

00:49:11.250 --> 00:49:12.751
- The universe is expanding.

00:49:12.918 --> 00:49:14.709
- The universe is expanding?

00:49:14.876 --> 00:49:16.334
- Well the universe
is everything

00:49:16.500 --> 00:49:18.125
and if it\'s expanding,
someday it will break apart

00:49:18.292 --> 00:49:20.876
and that will be the
end of everything.

00:49:20.999 --> 00:49:22.334
- It won\'t be expanding for
billions of years yet Alvy,

00:49:22.500 --> 00:49:25.584
we gotta try and enjoy
ourselves while we\'re here, huh?

00:49:25.751 --> 00:49:29.167
(laughs)

00:49:29.334 --> 00:49:31.999
(solemn music)

00:49:50.125 --> 00:49:51.542
- [Voiceover] Compared to
the grand cycle of nature,

00:49:55.292 --> 00:49:57.959
our lives don\'t last
very long at all,

00:49:57.999 --> 00:50:00.999
they are mere fleeting images.

00:50:02.999 --> 00:50:05.751
{\\an1}But most of us appreciate
the time we are given.

00:50:08.584 --> 00:50:10.626
The phone call that Inger-Helen

00:50:13.751 --> 00:50:15.334
was waiting for finally came,

00:50:15.500 --> 00:50:17.999
she has been given
a second chance.

00:51:11.459 --> 00:51:12.584
She will never know who
the heart belonged to,

00:51:16.626 --> 00:51:18.975
but that person has most likely

00:51:18.999 --> 00:51:20.584
extended Inger-Helen\'s
life by many years.

00:51:57.999 --> 00:51:58.999
We can accept that death
has a place in nature,

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:05.584
but that doesn\'t
necessarily help us

00:52:06.834 --> 00:52:09.000
when we lose someone we love.

00:52:15.167 --> 00:52:15.999
This might be why we humans have

00:52:20.334 --> 00:52:22.250
always been obsessed
with the question

00:52:22.417 --> 00:52:24.500
{\\an8}\"What\'s next?\"

00:52:24.918 --> 00:52:25.999
Is there a life after death?

00:52:30.209 --> 00:52:31.999
(playful instrumental music)